[62][c] Little Oyster Island was then sold to Captain William Dyre c.1674,[d] then to Thomas Lloyd on April 23, 1686. [169] Other improvements included the demolition of the greenhouse, the completion of the infilling of the basin between islands 2 and 3, and various landscaping activities such as the installation of walkways and plants. [218][379] In 1985, while restoration of the north side of Ellis Island was underway, Interior Secretary Donald P. Hodel convened a long-inactive federal commission to determine how the south side of Ellis Island should be used. It was placed atop either wood piles, cribbing, or submerged bags of concrete. [28], Immediately after the end of the War of 1812, Fort Gibson was largely used as a recruiting depot. [307][325] Some unskilled workers were deemed "likely to become a public charge" and so were rejected; about 2% of immigrants were deported. The Wall of Honor, a monument to raise money for the restoration, was completed in 1990 and reconstructed starting in 1993. [285] A one-story kitchen with a smokestack is located opposite the administration building to the south. [128][262] The structure is one and a half stories tall with a hip roof and skylights facing to the north and south. The hip roof contains dormers and is covered with terracotta tiling. [111] The competition was the second to be conducted under the Tarsney Act of 1893, which had permitted private architects to design federal buildings, rather than government architects in the Supervising Architect's office. It has a facade of brick in English and stretcher bond. [236][237] There were also dormitories for 600 people on the third floor. [119][122] A separate contract to build the 3.33-acre (1.35ha) island 2 had to be approved by the War Department because it was in New Jersey's waters; that contract was completed in December 1898.
[342] As Chicago surgeon Eugene S. Talbot wrote in 1898, "crime is hereditary, a tendency which is, in most cases, associated with bodily defects. [69][70], Ellis Island was also used by the military for almost 80 years. [206][205] This was soon halted indefinitely because of a lack of funding.
[268][263] It housed 25 to 30 beds and was intended for the temporary treatment of immigrants suspected of being insane or having mental disorders, pending their deportation, hospitalization, or commitment to sanatoria. Some of the former stone magazine structures were reused for utilities and offices. [128][264] The 3.5-story building no. [88] It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal nearby. [18], The current island is shaped like a "C", with two landmasses of equal size on the northeastern and southwestern sides, separated by what was formerly a ferry pier. [145][141] In addition, the incinerator was replaced in 1911,[140][132] and a recreation center operated by the American Red Cross was also built on island 2 by 1915. [129] Williams also made changes to the island's appearance, adding plants and grading paths upon the once-barren landscape of Ellis Island. [19][20], The present three-story main structure was designed in French Renaissance style. [254][255] The first floor generally contained oven rooms, baking areas and storage while the second floor contained the carpentry shop. [26][27][28] The era of joint administration was short-lived: the Army took over the fort's administration in 1841, demoted the fort to an artillery battery, and stopped garrisoning the fort, leaving a small Navy guard outside the magazine. [47] The south side also includes "Unframed Ellis Island", an art installation by the French street artist JR, which includes murals of figures who would have occupied each of the respective hospital buildings. 
[385], In 2014, the NPS started offering guided public tours of the south side as part of the "Hard Hat Tour", which charges an additional fee that is used to support Save Ellis Island's preservation efforts. [263][269], The main building is directly east of the psychopathic ward. The kitchen/laundry and powerhouse started construction in May 1900 and were completed by the end of 1901. In 1954, Pettersen was arrested in Brooklyn for overstaying his shore leave, having been in the United States for 6 months instead of the allowed 29 days. By 1854, Battery Gibson contained an 11-gun battery, three naval magazines, a short railroad line, and several auxiliary structures such as a cookhouse, gun carriage house, and officers' quarters.
When the junior Samuel died shortly after birth, ownership passed to the senior Samuel's other two daughters, Elizabeth Ryerson and Rachel Cooder. [5] In addition, it was placed on UNESCO's list of tentative World Heritage Sites in 2017. [342] For many eugenicists, this was considered a patriotic duty as they held an interest in creating a greater national race. [47][48], A bridge to Liberty State Park was built in 1986 for transporting materials and personnel during the island's late-1980s restoration. [16], The fill was acquired from the ballast of ships, as well as material excavated from the first line of the New York City Subway. [394], Ellis Island has been part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, which also includes the Statue of Liberty and Liberty Island, since 1965. [19][20] Built in 1937 in the Colonial Revival style, the structures replaced an earlier recreation building at the northeast corner of island 2. Eugenic selection occurred on two distinguishable levels: At the time, it was a broadly popular idea that immigration policies had ought to be based on eugenics principles in order to help create a "superior race" in America. [242] Between 1914 and 1918, several rooms were added to the third floor. [188][189] Other attempts at redeveloping the site, including a college,[190] a retirement home,[182] an alcoholics' rehabilitation center,[191] and a world trade center[192] were all unsuccessful. [300] Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Those with serious contagious diseases (such as cholera and typhus) were quarantined at Hoffman Island or Swinburne Island, two artificial islands off the shore of Staten Island to the south. [324], U.S. [209], In the 1970s, the NPS started restoring the island by repairing seawalls, eliminating weeds, and building a new ferry dock. [70][181], After the immigration station closed, the buildings fell into disrepair and were abandoned,[182] and the General Services Administration (GSA) took over the island in March 1955. [125][126] A one-and-a-half-story ice plant on the northern elevation was built between 1903 and 1908, and was converted into a ticket office in 1935.
[330], Ellis Island's use as a detention center dates from World War I, when it was used to house those who were suspected of being enemy soldiers. [231], By the time Ellis Island's immigration station closed, almost 12 million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration. In 1956, after the closure of the U.S. immigration station two years prior, the Mayor of Jersey City Bernard J. Berry commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island. [157], Immigration through Ellis Island peaked in the first decade of the 20th century. The recreation shelter, a one-story brick pavilion, is located directly to the east. 
[376], The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is abandoned and remains unrenovated. The last improvements, which entailed the installation of underwater telephone and telegraph cables to Governors Island, were completed in early June 1897. The south side of the island, including the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is open to the public only through guided tours. [256], Formerly, the powerhouse provided almost all power for Ellis Island. A coal trestle at the northwest end was used to transport coal for power generation from 1901 to 1932, when the powerhouse started using fuel oil. [50] It is not open to the public.
[265], To the east is the psychopathic ward, a two-story building erected 19061907. [34] The lawsuit was escalated to the Supreme Court, which ruled in New Jersey v. New York. [150], Ellis Island's immigration station was reopened in 1920, and processing had rebounded to 560,000 immigrants per year by 1921. [66], The Internal Security Act of 1950 barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. [20][238] It is made of a steel frame and terracotta blocks, with a limestone base and a facade of brick in Flemish bond. [70] The GSA wanted to sell off the island as "surplus property"[183] and contemplated several options, including selling the island back to the city of New York[184] or auctioning it to a private buyer. Henry Fairfield Osborn's opening words to the New York Evening Journal in 1911 were, "As a biologist as well as a patriot," on the subject on advocating for tighter inspections of immigrants of the United States.[343]. [17] It also came from the railyards of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey. [9] The natural island and contiguous areas comprise 4.68 acres (1.89ha) within New York, and are located on the northern portion of the present-day island. ", "The Story of Ellis Island. Only the areas associated with the original island, including much of the main building, are in New York; the remaining area is in New Jersey. [253] The laundry facility is part of save ellis island's hard hat tour. Multiple wings connect the baggage and laundry to its adjacent buildings. [202] Another master plan was proposed in 1968, which called for the rehabilitation of the island's northern side and the demolition of all buildings, including the hospital, on the southern side. [196] This idea was approved by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall in October 1964. The powerhouse contains sewage pumps that can dispose of up to 480U.S.gal/min (1,800L/min) to the Jersey City Sewage Authority sewage system. [257] A detainee dining room on the first floor was expanded in 1951. Narratives of Transformation at Ellis Island and the Lower East Side Tenement Museum", "Ellis Island, Inc.: The Making of an American Site of Memory", "National Register of Historic Inventory Nomination Form For Federal Properties: Ellis IslandStatue of Liberty National Monument", "MEDICAL INSPECTION OF IMMIGRANTS AT ELLIS ISLAND, 18911924", Ellis Island: Blocks 9019 thru 9023, Block Group 9, Census Tract 47, Hudson County, NJ; and Block 1000, Block Group 1, Census Tract 1, The Ellis Island Experience Articles, Documents and Images Gjenvick-Gjnvik Archives, Newspaper articles and clippings about Ellis Island at Newspapers.com, History and Photos of Ellis Island Baggage & Dormitory Building, Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996), Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997), American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998), American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000), Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000), Trump administration family separation policy, U.S. [11][12], Initially, much of the Upper New York Bay's western shore consisted of large tidal flats with vast oyster beds, which were a major source of food for the Lenape. ", "A tale of two cities: Both claim Ellis Island", "Historic Fill Of The Jersey City Quadrangle Historic Fill Map HFM-53", "Ellis Island Part of Statue of Liberty National Monument", "An inaugural choice: Will N.J. governor's gala really be in New York? 
