Third, eligible research reports were coded to determine effect size estimates as well as study and sample characteristics. Negative effects in these contrasts indicate less conflict in mid-adolescence than in early adolescence and late adolescence. In: Montemayor R, Adams GR, Gullotta TP, editors. Steinberg L. Impact of puberty on family relations: Effects of pubertal status and pubertal timing. Papini DR, Sebby RA. Flannery DJ, Montemayor R, Eberly M, Biebelhausen L, Morabeto J. A search of word roots (i.e., adolesc, argu, conflict, disagree, farnil, and pubert) and key words (i.e., son, daughter, mother, father, child, and parent) generated more than 7,000 abstracts representing at least 2,500 independent research reports. Montemayor R. Parents and adolescents in conflict: All families some of the time and some families most of the time. These results indicate that for each parent-child dyad, conflict rates are higher in early adolescence than in mid-adolescence, which, in turn, are higher than in late adolescence. Consequently, much of the empirical research on parent-adolescent conflict is designed to provide a better understanding of processes that foster continuity of parental influences and that minimize the disruption of these influences.
Contemporary narrative reviews of the empirical literature have moved well beyond depictions of storm and stress to describe a period of temporary perturbations instrumental to the transformation of parent-adolescent relationships (Buchanan, Eccles, & Becker, 1992; Collins, 1990; Pai-koff & Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Silbereisen & Kracke, 1993; Steinberg, 1990). Problem-solving communication training: A behavioral family systems approach to parent-adolescent conflict. k = total number of independent samples. Taken together, these results imply that parent-child conflict is less frequent, but more heated, in mid-adolescence than in early adolescence; late adolescence brings a further decline in the rate of conflict but little change in affective expression. What does Erikson call the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?
Meta-analysis: Quantitative methods for research synthesis.
Smetana JG. 10. Conflict affect among father-son dyads increased slightly between early adolescence and mid-adolescence, an effect that failed to reach statistical significance in other relationships. To assess interrater reliability, three independent coders reviewed a total of 750 randomly selected abstracts.
Too few studies were available to consider curvilinear and linear changes as a function of age. Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones? Which of the following statements concerning adolescent suicide in the United States is FALSE? Gecas V, Seff MA. Techniques to determine pubertal status varied widely across reports. In the second phase, two coders considered the complete texts of the 350 research reports identified in the first phase. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A total of 24 reports included effect size estimates of comparisons across at least two adolescent age groups, 10 described comparisons across at least two pubertal status groups, and three included contrasts across at least two age and pubertal status groups.
Conflict affect ratings revealed no statistically significant effects in contrasts of mid-adolescence and late adolescence, and in contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence. Socioeconomic status classifications revealed that in 10 studies included in age meta-analyses the majority of participants were middle-class and that 17 studies did not report socioeconomic data. Sidhu K, Singh MB. 8. The meta-analyses summarize results from studies of change in parent-child conflict as a function of either adolescent age or pubertal maturation. Studies selected for the meta-analyses met three criteria: (1) Conflict was a dyadic interpersonal event involving overt behavioral opposition (Shantz, 1987), including quarrels, disagreements, and arguments. Similarly, in puberty analyses, there should be positive effects in contrasts of prepuberty and postpuberty, indicating more conflict in postpuberty.
Frequency measures and rating scales both indicate that conflict rates decline from early adolescence to mid-adolescence, and again from mid-adolescence to late adolescence. Our own narrative reviews determined that previous findings provide little consistent evidence of change in parent-adolescent conflict as a function of either age or pubertal maturation (Collins & Laursen, 1992; Laursen & Collins, 1994). Molina BSG, Chassin L. The parent-adolescent relationship at puberty: Hispanic ethnicity and parent alcoholism as moderators. In group contrasts, r represents an association between conflict and age or pubertal status, reported in terms of the standardized difference between two age or pubertal groups in parent-child conflict. Parent-adolescent conflict is more likely to focus on chores and clothing choices than on major or serious life issues.
Block V. Conflicts of adolescents with their mothers. Smetana JG. Young, middle, and late adolescents comparisons of the functional importance of five significant relationships. Maccoby EE. The present meta-analysis imposes order on an unwieldy set of results by specifying the direction and magnitude of change associated with clearly defined periods of adolescence. Among the latter, four studies contained college students: some or all participants lived at home with parents in two studies and information on living arrangements was unavailable for two other studies. Early theorists, such as Sigmund Freud (1905/1962) and G. Stanley Hall (1904), regarded turbulent relations with parents as an unfortunate, but inevitable, by-product of adolescent maturation. Learn more Variations in perceived negative communication between parents and adolescents; Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development; Seattle. 13. In general, boys and girls both have high self-esteem in childhood, but as adolescence approaches, girls' self-esteem drops considerably lower than that of boys. Beyond the practical implications for research design, these findings imply that the process of transforming parent-adolescent relationships may involve disputes too mundane to register on global assessments of conflict. No studies of pubertal status included college students.
To ensure that samples were represented only once in each meta-analysis, investigations with the same participants and methods in multiple reports were identified. Because of escalating juvenile crime rates, we must try adolescent offenders as adults in order to deter them. Families and adolescents: A review of the 1980s. Second, in age analyses, there should be positive effects in contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence, indicating more conflict in late adolescence.
A time-honored contention of theoretical and popular perspectives holds that expressions of parent-child conflict follow an inverted U-shaped function that peaks during adolescence. Note: r = group effect size, k = total number of independent samples. Meta-analyses also examined linear and curvilinear associations between puberty and parent-adolescent conflict. Perceptions differ, however, as to the magnitude of changes in overall conflict, with children reporting a moderate decline and parents reporting a small to moderate decline. Positive r values in contrasts of prepuberty and postpuberty indicate greater conflict during postpuberty. National Library of Medicine Hill JP. In the end, the file-drawer problem is unlikely to mask substantial changes in parent-adolescent conflict because scholars are presumably not hoarding more unpublished studies with significant findings than unpublished studies with null results.
about navigating our updated article layout. 1991. Typically, the file-drawer problem results in an overestimation of effect sizes because nonsignificant findings tend not to be published (Hedges & Olkin, 1985). The results suggest that, aside from a small linear increase in negative affect, few changes in parent-child conflict are a function of puberty. Too few studies were available to systematically disaggregate puberty population effects.
Interrater reliability for coding study and sample characteristics ranged from 92% to 100% (kappa = .87 to 1.0). Grade, pubertal status, and gender-related variations in conflictual issues among adolescents.
Inoff-Germain G, Arnold GS, Nottelmann ED, Sus-man EJ, Cutler GB, Jr, Chrousos GP. Conflict may increase between childhood and early adolescence, after which it may decline immediately or plateau through mid-adolescence before declining in late adolescence; alternatively, conflict may increase between early adolescence and mid-adolescence, and then decline thereafter. Meta-analyses also examined linear and curvilinear associations between puberty and conflict rate, between puberty and conflict affect, and between puberty and total conflict. Positive r values in contrasts of prepuberty and postpuberty indicate greater conflict during postpuberty. Among studies in puberty meta-analyses, 10 included sons and daughters, two included daughters only, and one included sons only. Of these, seven assayed conflict at more than one time period or for more than one sample within a pubertal group, producing data that were later combined. Taken together, the results imply that substantial decreases across adolescence in the rate of mother-child conflict are replicated on a smaller scale in father-child relationships, but that small increases in conflict affect between early adolescence and mid-adolescence can be reliably demonstrated only in the father-son relationship. Each contrast entailed separate meta-analyses for the three types of conflict: conflict rate, conflict affect, and total conflict. Heterogeneous population effects composed of homogeneous follow-up effects could be the product of systematic differences among research reports such that all estimates within a subset share a common effect size even though the total set does not. Insufficient data limited conflict affect contrasts to early adolescence and mid-adolescence for all moderator variables except child reports and rating scales. Postive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and mid-adolescence, and in contrasts of mid-adolescence and late adolescence, indicate greater conflict during mid-adolescence. Coders attempted to contact 19 principal investigators whose research reports lacked sufficient detail to either calculate effect sizes or categorize the sample and method. Accessibility Parent-child relationships in nondivorced, divorced, single-mother, and remarried families. Significant effects emerged for all age group contrasts on conflict rate and total conflict. Smetana JG, Asquith P. Adolescents and parents conceptions of parental authority and personal autonomy. The meta-analyses do not address broader changes in parent-child relationships, and we cannot rule out the possibility that conflict is greater during adolescence than during either middle childhood or adulthood; specifically, the findings do not contradict claims that parent-child conflict peaks at the transition to adolescence and declines thereafter (Smetana, 1989). Separate effect sizes were calculated for each sample or age period and converted to a standardized score using Fishers r to Z transformation. 1 and 2). Which of the following is a purpose of adolescent dating? From these abstracts, studies identified for further consideration met three criteria: (1) available in English; (2) describe original research; and (3) address parent-adolescent conflict. To assess interrater reliability, two independent coders reviewed a total of 70 randomly selected research reports. The timing of puberty and its relationship to adolescent and parent perceptions of family interactions. Hypotheses are evaluated by computing a common population effect based on effect size estimates from individual studies (Hedges & Olkin, 1985). 19. With respect to the reporter serving as the source of the data, the analyses ascertained whether children recount more conflict than parents. A series of meta-analyses summarizes changes in parent-child conflict rate and affect as a function of adolescent age and pubertal maturation. The present study advances this goal by delineating descriptive detail about alterations in key aspects of parent-child relationships across adolescence.
An official website of the United States government. A total of 24 studies included in age meta-analyses were cross-sectional, two were longitudinal, and one was retrospective. Why is there persistent disagreement over this fundamental aspect of parent-adolescent relationships? Positive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence indicate greater conflict during late adolescence. We note the importance of differentiating between the rate of conflict and the affective intensity of conflict. The results indicated that conflict is greater in early adolescence than in mid-adolescence, greater in mid-adolescence than in late adolescence, and greater in early adolescence than in late adolescence.
1References marked with an asterisk (*) indicate studies included in the meta-analyses. Tifara has poor social skills and intellectual abilities, as well as low self-esteem. 5. Parent-adolescent relationships are more positive if the teen lives at home while attending college, because it strengthens the attachment bond. The average of these standardized scores was then converted back to an effect size. Paikoff RL, Brooks-Gunn J. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology: Vol. Studies defining conflict as competition, aggression, speech interruptions, personality traits, and intrapsychic events were excluded (Collins & Laursen, 1992; Laursen & Collins, 1994). The results indicated that parent-child conflict rates and total conflict decline across the adolescent years. 9. This practice underestimates effect sizes, but it probably did not change the overall pattern of results because such studies were randomly distributed across comparison groups. Parent-Adolescent Conflict Effect Size Estimates for Samples Included in Puberty Meta-Analyses. Yet narrative reviews typically lump together all studies that address parent-adolescent disagreement or discord, with little attention given to systematic differences that arise from defining conflict in terms of rate or affective intensity. Note: r = population effect size. An average Z score, weighted by sample sizes (n 3), was calculated and then transformed back to r. To determine whether individual research reports provided consistent estimates of population effects, separate analyses of homogeneity were conducted.
Child reports of conflict affect revealed no statistically significant effects for contrasts of mid-adolescence and late adolescence, and for contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence. 1988. In some studies, missing cases (e.g., Lempers & Clark-Lempers, 1992; Steinberg, 1988) and attrition (e.g., Bulcroft, 1991; Galambos & Almeida, 1992) limited the number of participants in the meta-analyses such that sample sizes differed from the published method. A total of 24 studies included in age meta-analyses were based on self-reports from questionnaires or interviews, two described observations, and one involved self-reports and observations. These results suggest that similar views of age-related change may be attributed to parents and children: Both agree that there is less conflict in mid-adolescence than in early adolescence and, further, that there is less conflict in late adolescence than in mid-adolescence. 8. The conclusion that disagreements between parents and children grow less frequent but more unpleasant across adolescence suggests that as we reconsider patterns of change in parent-adolescent conflict we should also reconsider the mechanisms through which parent-adolescent relationships are transformed and the role conflict plays in these relationship alterations. What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye? Feb, *, Khatri P, Voegler ME, Pandya A. Self-reports were obtained from children in two studies, from parents in two, and from parents and children in five. Differences among coders were resolved through discussion. Wierson M, Forehand R. Family stressors and adolescent functioning: A consideration of models for early and middle adolescents.
People who feel uncomfortable expressing intimacy directly may instead express affection through teasing, insults, nicknames, and euphemisms. Thanks are due to Margaret Ferreira, Michael Hayes, Kim Hernandez, Scott Raybin, and John Venezia for assisting with the project and to Er-ika Hoff-Ginsberg and Dave Perry for providing comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.
Interrater reliability on whether a study met the inclusion criteria was 100% (kappa = 1.0). Two diverging sets of linear effects emerged, one indicating a decline in conflict rate and total conflict with age and the other indicating an increase in conflict affect with both age and pubertal maturation.
A series of meta-analyses contrasted parent-child conflict across age groups: early adolescence and mid-adolescence, mid-adolescence and late adolescence, and early adolescence and late adolescence. Steinberg L. Reciprocal relation between parent-child distance and pubertal maturation.
Holmbeck GN, Hill JP. Small samples precluded separate follow-up analyses of college participants. 1. Note: n = participants included in effect size estimates. Further, the direction and size of these nonsignificant effects are as likely to cancel one another out as to produce a population effect with a consistent direction and meaningful magnitude. Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 2912 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314-7714; Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 2912 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314-7714. In adolescence, individuality __________ associated with identity development, and connectedness __________ associated with identity development. Interpersonal conflict during adolescence. In: Shulman S, Collins WA, editors. The first is whether changes in parent-child conflict across adolescence are a function of age or pubertal status. Which of the following is NOT a reason that adolescent girls consistently have a higher rate of depression than adolescent boys? Previous narrative reviews (Collins & Laursen, 1992; Montemayor, 1983) have drawn attention to three categories of potential moderators: dyad composition, measurement procedures, and source of information about conflict. In other studies, specific subsamples were omitted from a report because more complete data from participants were available elsewhere (e.g., Smetana, Yau, Restrepo, & Braeges, 1991).
In addition to identifying prevailing population effects, the meta-analysis isolates factors that may be moderators of change in parent-adolescent conflict. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In each, separate metaanalyses were conducted for conflict rate, conflict affect, and total conflict. Family members and friends offer adolescents stability during a period of change in other arenas, so alterations in conflict behavior within these relationships unfold gradually as participants adjust to new patterns of social exchange.
Adapting to menarche: Familial control and conflict. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The limited number of studies available on parent-adolescent conflict and puberty suggest that caution is warranted in interpreting these results. Declines in the rate of conflict mirror declines in the rate of social interaction (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984; Laursen & Williams, 1997), and it is likely that parents and children disagree less simply because they are together less. Romantic relationships in adolescence: New directions for child development. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies
Conflict rate and conflict affect data were combined to produce a total conflict variable. Rating scales yielded modest conflict rate changes relative to frequency assessments. Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education (Vols. To ensure comparability across meta-analyses, an a priori decision was made to disaggregate each age population effect according to eight categorical variables, regardless of the results of homogeneity tests. Suspicions that measurement practices moderate changes in the rate of parent-child conflict were confirmed. The assertion that parent-child con-flict crests during adolescence encompasses a range of possibilities. Some planned comparisons failed to meet the minimum recommended criterion of independent samples (k = 3) for a meta-analysis; consequently, results from several analyses (e.g., pubertal group contrasts of conflict rate and conflict affect) are not reported. 14.
Effects of pubertal status and conversation topic on parent and adolescent affective expression. Erikson's psychosocial stage of development for adolescents is called __________. Development during the transition to adolescence. Galambos NL, Almeida DM. Divergent realities: The emotional lives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents. First, the operational definition of conflict as behavioral opposition narrowed the scope of the meta-analyses. e. Fovea. To investigate differences in parent-child conflict as a function of age, effect sizes were computed for three distinct contrasts: (1) early adolescence and mid-adolescence, (2) mid-adolescence and late adolescence, and (3) early adolescence and late adolescence. Transformations, rather than disruptions, characterize these relationships. Research on the impact of trying juvenile delinquents as adults in the court system has found that: 16. Separate analyses of parent-adolescent conflict as a function of family demographics could not be performed because most studies involved intact, middle-class, European American families. Of this total, three involved reports from multiple instruments that were later combined. Analyses of parent-child conflict affect revealed age-related patterns that differed from conflict rate and total conflict. The average of these standardized scores was then converted back to an effect size. b. Iris. Additional meta-analyses contrasted pubertal groups on parent-child conflict: prepuberty and mid-puberty, mid-puberty and postpuberty, and prepuberty and postpuberty. Some studies lacked data on all types of conflict, so total conflict effect size estimates from these reports were the same as those available for conflict rate or conflict affect. Significant effects emerged for all age group contrasts on conflict rate. Positive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence indicate greater conflict during late adolescence. Data from research reports describing the same participants and different methods were combined. A widely accepted definition of conflict was adopted that emphasizes behavioral opposition or overt disagreement (Shantz, 1987).
PMC legacy view
The direction of the effect is a measure of support for the hypothesis: Positive effects are consistent with predicted patterns; negative effects are not.
Analyses based on a small number of studies or participants are less accurate than larger ones, although they tend to err by overestimating effect sizes (Wolf, 1986).
Similarly, there were no statistically significant curvilinear associations between puberty and conflict rate, between puberty and conflict affect, and between puberty and total conflict.
That is, for all of the age analyses, the total set of studies contributing to each population effect was divided into at least two subsets of studies for follow-up analyses, each subset consisting of independent effect size estimates.
Another source of disagreement is the tendency of different scholars to focus on different aspects of conflict.
Rajalu TR. 2. A parent of a school-age child tells the school nurse that the parents are going through a divorce. Portions of this study were included in a psychology B.A. Differences were resolved through discussion. Rating = Rating scale. Of this total, two involved reports from multiple instruments that were later combined. In the current meta-analyses, as few as four additional null effects in age comparisons of mid-adolescence and late adolescence would alter the parent-child conflict rate population effect such that it would no longer be statistically significant. Regarding adolescents and parents, which of these statements is TRUE? 7. __________ is an enduring, basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in a cultural group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership. Which crowd is she likely to be a member of? Variation in maturational timing and adjustment in adolescence. Family conflict: Dimensions, differential reporting, and developmental differences; Paper presented at the meeting of the American Sociological Association; Atlanta. Note: Frequency = Frequency measure. First, population effect sizes describe results from age meta-analyses and puberty meta-analyses. Differences between mid-adolescence and late adolescence, and between early adolescence and late adolescence failed to reach statistical significance. The Hinde (1979) convincingly argued that to understand the significance of an interaction it is necessary to consider qualitative aspects, such as affective tenor, apart from quantitative features, such as frequency. Before The child has not been doing well in school and sometimes has trouble sleeping. Lack of statistical significance on homogeneity tests suggests that effect size estimates for individual studies are similar in magnitude and direction.
In a widely cited narrative summary of research on the subject, Montemayor (1983) described this curvilinear relation: Conflict increases during early adolescence, is reasonably stable during middle adolescence, and declines when the adolescent moves away from the home (p. 89). 