/H [ 1296 803 ] New York, Eaton & Mains; Cincinnati, Jennings & Graham, 1908. J. E. Taylor, in 1854, visited many of the huge mounds that were scattered throughout Southern Mesopotamia in much larger numbers than in the north, while his compatriot, William K. Loftus, a few years previous had begun excavations, though on a small scale, at Warka, the site of the ancient city of Erech.

0000071736 00000 n The archives were found to be well stocked with the official legal documents dating chiefly from the period of 1700 to 1200 B.C., when the city appears to have reached the climax of its glory. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/08035836.

Sponsored by the Gertrude Clarke Whittall Poetry and Literature Fund, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 0000070686 00000 n

Attributing the success of their undertakingswhether it be a military campaign, or the construction of some edifice, or a successful huntto the protection offered by the gods, the kings do not tire of singing the praises of the deity or deities as whose favorites they regarded themselves.

0000018901 00000 n xref

In accordance with the general usage of his times, Herodotus included under Assyria the whole of Mesopotamia, both Assyria proper in the north and Southern Mesopotamia. The religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its relations to Israel; five lectures delivered at Harvard University.

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Botta's first finds of a pronounced character were made at a village known as Khorsabad, which stood on one of the mounds in question.

/S 1790

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In the Old Testament, the two empires appear only as they enter into relations with the Hebrews, and since Hebrew history is not traced back beyond the appearance of the clans of Terah in Palestine, there is found previous to this period, barring the account of the migrations of the Terahites in Mesopotamia, only the mention of the Tigris and Euphrates among the streams watering the legendary Garden of Eden, the incidental reference to Nimrod and his empire, which is made to include the capitol cities of the Northern and Southern Mesopotamian districts, and the story of the founding of the city of Babylon, followed by the dispersion of mankind from their central habitation in the Euphrates Valley.

, , An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic, Babylonian-Assyrian Birth-Omens and Their Cultural Significance, Amazon Kindle, . >>

(I. Here, at a short distance below the surface, he came across the remains of what proved to be a palace of enormous extent.

Rogers, Robert William.

Through Layard, the foundations were laid for the Assyrian and Babylonian collections of the British Museum, the parts of which exhibited to the public now fill six large halls.

A new feature, however, of Layard's excavations was the finding of several rooms filled with fragments of small and large clay tablets closely inscribed on both sides in the cuneiform characters.

The quotations from Berosus in the works of Josephus are all of a historical character; those in Eusebius and Syncellus, on the contrary, deal with the religion and embrace the cosmogony of the Babylonians, the account of a deluge brought on by the gods, and the building of a tower.

Mr. Damas reads each of his poems in French first and Mr. Brown follows with an English translation. 0000002956 00000 n

Now we are told of a dream sent to encourage the army on the approach of a battle, and again of some portent which bade the king be of good cheer. 0000018707 00000 n 0000039207 00000 n Rogers, R. W. (1908) The religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its relations to Israel; five lectures delivered at Harvard University. civilization in this region had already reached a very advanced stage. Unfortunately, the antiquities recovered at this place, and elsewhere, were lost through the sinking of the rafts as they carried their precious burden down the Tigris.

It is estimated that the temple contained no less than three hundred chambers and halls for the archives and for the accommodation of the large body of priests attached to this temple. The Construction and Character of the Zikkurats.

/Lang (en-US)

THE GODS IN THE TEMPLE LISTS AND IN THE LEGAL AND COMMERCIAL DOCUMENTS. Moreover, what there is, requires for the most part a control through confirmatory evidence which we seek for in vain, in biblical or classical literature. 0000001192 00000 n >> /Info 217 0 R

<< Brown, Sterling A.

Fresh sources of a direct character were thus added for the study, not only of the historical unfolding of the Assyrian empire, but through the tablets of the royal library, for the religion of ancient Mesopotamia as well.

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From the legal documents, likewise, much may be gathered bearing on the religion.

This temple was completed, as the foundation records showed, by Nebuchadnezzar II., in the sixth century before this era; but the beginnings of the structure belong to a much earlier period.

Nin-igi-nangar-bu, Gushgin-banda, Nin-kurra, and Nin-zadim.

Still further to the south, at a mound known as Telloh, a representative of the French government, Ernest de Sarzec, began a series of excavations in 1877, which, continued to the present day, have brought to light remains of temples and palaces exceeding in antiquity those hitherto discovered. Of still greater significance were the examinations made by Sir Henry Rawlinson, in 1854, of the only considerable ruins of ancient Babylonia that remained above the surfacethe tower of Birs Nimrud, which proved to be the famous seven-staged temple as described by Herodotus. Recorded for the Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature. The scope of Layard's excavations exceeded, therefore, those of Botta; and to the one palace at Khorsabad, he added three at Nimrud and two at Koyunjik, besides finding traces of a temple and other buildings.

[5] Little, too, is furnished by the Book of Daniel, despite the fact that Babylon is the center of action, and what little there is bearing on the religious status, such as the significance attached to dreams, and the implied contrast between the religion of Daniel and his companions, and that of Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonians, loses some of its force by the late origin of the book. Colossal statues of diorite, covered with inscriptions, the pottery, tablets and ornaments, showed that at a period as early as 3500 B.C. For guidance about compiling full citations consult How much of the history dealt with the religion of the people, it is difficult to determine, but the extracts of it found in various writers show that starting, like the Old Testament, with the beginning of things, Berosus gave a full account of the cosmogony of the Babylonians.

The written characters found on these monuments substantiated the view that Botta had come across an edifice of the Assyrian empire, while subsequent researches furnished the important detail that the excavated edifice lay in a suburb of the ancient capitol of Assyria, Nineveh, the exact site of which was directly opposite Mosul. The only sources at command were the incidental noticesinsufficient and fragmentary in characterthat occurred in the Old Testament, in Herodotus, in Eusebius, Syncellus, and Diodorus.

This control has now been furnished by the remarkable discoveries made beneath the soil of Mesopotamia since the year 1842. Location and Names of the Gathering Place of the Dead.

A great temple dedicated to the god Bel was discovered, and work has hitherto been confined chiefly to laying bare the various parts of the edifice. The Sacred Objects in the Temples,Altars, Vases, Images, Basins, Ships.

At Borsippa, likewise, Rawlinson and Rassam recovered a large number of clay tablets, most of them legal but some of them of a literary character, which proved to be in part duplicates of those in the royal library of Ashurbanabal. 0000038932 00000 n From this survey of the work done in the last decades in exploring the long lost and almost forgotten cities of the Tigris and of the Euphrates Valley, it will be apparent that a large amount of material has been made accessible for tracing the course of civilization in this region. We have no reason to believe that Ctesias' account of the Assyrian monarchy, under which he, like Herodotus, included Babylonia, contained any reference to the religion at all.

/Length 711 0000088589 00000 n Here, too, the political situation is always the chief factor, and it is only incidentally that the religion comes into playas when it is said that Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, was murdered while worshipping in the temple dedicated to a deity, Nisroch; or when a prophet, to intensify the picture of the degradation to which the proud king of Babylon is to be reduced, introduces Babylonian conceptions of the nether world into his discourse.

0000064446 00000 n Biblische legenden der muselmnner. BABYLONIAN GODS PRIOR TO THE DAYS OF HAMMURABI. Much valuable work was done by this expedition in its careful study of the site of the ancient Babylonin the neighborhood of the modern village Hillah, some forty miles south of Baghdad. 0000088374 00000 n

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/Prev 555831 The objective point this time was Southern Mesopotamia, the mounds of which had hitherto not been touched, many not even identified as covering the remains of ancient cities. It is to be noted, moreover, that the quotations we have from Berosus are not direct, for while it is possible, though not at all certain, that Josephus was still able to consult the works of Berosus, Eusebius and Syncellus refer to Apollodorus, Abydenus, and Alexander Polyhistor as their authorities for the statements of Berosus. startxref trailer >> An Evening of postwar poetry of The Netherlands and Flanders Hugo Claus, Judith Herzberg, Gerrit Kouwenaar, Berlin poets readings by Heinz Czechowski, Lioba Happel, and Richard Wagner. 219 0 obj

0000002676 00000 n The finding of another temple dedicated to the sun-god rewarded their efforts.

The scope of the excavations continued to grow almost from year to year, and while new mounds were being attacked in the south, those in the north, especially Koujunjik, continued to be the subject of attention.

/Linearized 1

The English explorers extended their labors to the mounds in the south. xc```b````e``fd@ A # a Y@AA ly%O%\ "I-[7/t#,CIt#'k/SYb`1*D6rcy$ns8e: ,"P|bB\uL]OXFMv"(/\a Ol,&-`s%PGI^$9&H8 THE MINOR GODS IN THE PERIOD OF HAMMURABI.

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The foundation records showed that the edifice was one of great antiquity, which was permitted to fall into decay and was then restored by a ruler whose date can be fixed at the middle of the ninth century B.C.

The foundation of the building goes back to an earlier period than the ruins of Telloh. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.

As it is, we have only a few notices about Babylonia and Assyria, incidental to his history of Persia. [Web.] In the archives many thousands of little clay tablets were again found, not, however, of a literary, but of a legal character, containing records of commercial transactions conducted in ancient Sippar, such as sales of houses, of fields, of produce, of stuffs, money loans, receipts, contracts for work, marriage settlements, and the like. Equally direct are the dedicatory inscriptions set up by the kings in the temples erected to the honor of some god, and of great importance are the references to the various gods, their attributes, their powers, and their deeds, which are found at every turn in the historical records which the kings left behind them. dqsDE%-Gef ypqtiW

Recorded Apr. 0000086232 00000 n The gods are constantly at the monarch's side.

Web.. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, .

New York, Eaton & Mains; Cincinnati, Jennings & Graham. The artificial character of these mounds had for some time been recognized.

The religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its relations to Israel; five lectures delivered at Harvard University.

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Excavations were continued for two years under Dr. Peters' personal supervision, and since then by Mr. John H. Haynes, with most satisfactory success. In the south again, the English followed close upon the heels of the French.

3, 1995, Taylor, Henry - Wagner, Richard - Czechowski, Heinz - Flint, Roland - Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature (Library of Congress) - Cavalieri, Grace - Happel, Lioba - Gertrude Clarke Whittall Poetry and Literature Fund.

Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as

Web.. https://lccn.loc.gov/08035836. Moreover, the early history of Babylonia being largely legendary, as that of every other nation, tales of the relations existing between the gods and mankindrelations that are always close in the earlier stages of a nation's historymust have abounded in the pages of Berosus, even if he did not include in his work a special section devoted to an account of the religion that still was practiced in his days. In this way, the latter's statement, that he sent his scribes to the large cities of the south for the purpose of collecting and copying the literature that had its rise there, met with a striking confirmation. [7] Of these, the majority are purely historical, chief among which is an epitome of the country's pasta curious medley of fact and legendand the famous account of the capture of Babylon by Cyrus.

To this difficulty, there must be added the comparatively late date of the notices, which demands an exercise of care before applying them to the very early period to which the religion of the Babylonians may be traced.

Votive offerings, in the shape of inscribed clay cones, and little clay images of Bel and of his female consort, were left in the temple as witnesses to the piety of the visitors. Recorded Nov. 26, 1984, in the Coolidge Auditorium Smith, William Jay - Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature (Library of Congress) - Nooteboom, Cees - Herzberg, Judith - Kouwenaar, Gerrit - Claus, Hugo - Gertrude Clarke Whittall Poetry and Literature Fund - Holmes, James S. Read in the original German with English translation. Aus arabischen quellen zusammengetragen und mit judischen sagen verglichen.

An Evening of poetry in translation readings by Herbert Mason and Stephen Mitchell.

0000088775 00000 n /Filter /FlateDecode Rassam, who has just been mentioned, was in a favorable position, through his long residence as English consul at Mosul, for extracting new finds from the mounds in this vicinity.

0000064138 00000 n

0000071551 00000 n Many of these records open or close with a long prayer to some deity; in others, prayers are found interspersed, according to the occasion on which they were offered up.

The incantations, the prayers and hymns, lists of temples, of gods and their attributes, traditions of the creation of the world, legends of the deities and of their relations to men, are sources of the most direct character; and it is fortunate that among the recovered portions of the library, such texts are largely represented. 0000063978 00000 n

John P. Peters (now in New York), who was largely instrumental in raising the funds for the purpose, was appointed director of the expedition. 0

The Condition of the Dead and the Impossibility of an Escape from Aral.

The systematic and thorough manner in which De Sarzec, with inexhaustible patience, explored the ancient city, has resulted in largely extending our knowledge of the most ancient period of Babylonian history as yet known to us. An Afternoon of Danish poetry in English translation. 0000071704 00000 n In that year the French consul at Mosul, P. E. Botta, aided by a government grant, began a series of excavations in the mounds that line the banks of the Tigris opposite Mosul.

Victor Place, a French architect of note, who succeeded Botta as the French consul at Mosul, devoted his term of service, from 1851 to 1855, towards completing the excavations at Khorsabad.

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Another sanctuary erected by this same king was found near the tower.

The stimulus given by Botta and Layard to the recovery of the records and monuments of antiquity that had been hidden from view for more than two thousand years, led to a refreshing rivalry between England and France in continuing a work that gave promise of still richer returns by further efforts. Their contents ranged over all departments of thoughthymns, incantations, prayers, epics, history, legends, mythology, mathematics, astronomy constituting some of the chief divisions.

Fortunately, however, there are four notices that treat of the religion of the inhabitants: the first, a description of an eight-storied tower, surmounted by a temple sacred to the god Bel; a second furnishing a rather detailed account of another temple, also sacred to Bel, and situated in the same precinct of the city of Babylon; a third notice speaks, though with provoking brevity, of the funeral customs of the Babylonians; while in a fourth he describes the rites connected with the worship of the chief goddess of the Babylonians, which impress Herodotus, who failed to appreciate their mystic significance, as shameful. Introduced by Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry Rita Dove; English translations read by Henry Taylor, Roland Flint, and Grace Cavalieri.

Similar collections to those of Sippar have been found in almost every mound of Southern Mesopotamia that has been opened since the days of Rassam.

GENERAL TRAITS OF THE OLD BABYLONIAN PANTHEON.

After introductions by Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry Richard Wilbur, poet and historian Herbert Mason reads from his translations of Middle Eastern poetry. To the gods, the appeal is constantly made, and to them all good things are ascribed.

Passing in this way through several hands, the authoritative value of the comparatively paltry extracts preserved, is diminished, and a certain amount of inaccuracy, especially in details and in the reading of proper names,[8] becomes almost inevitable. In 1887, an expedition was sent out under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania, to conduct excavations at Niffera mound to the southeast of Babylon, situated on a branch of the Euphrates, and which was known to be the site of one of the most famous cities in this region. Besides adding more than a thousand tablets from the royal library discovered by Layard, his most noteworthy discoveries were the unearthing of a magnificent temple at Nimrud, and the finding of a large bronze gate at Balawat, a few miles to the northeast of Nimrud.

It survived the varying fortunes of the city in which it stood, and each period of Babylonian history left its traces at Niffer through the records of the many rulers who sought the favor of the god by enlarging or beautifying his place of worship.

These tablets, about 30,000 of which found their way to the British Museum, proved to be the remains of a royal library. In the corners of the palaces, the foundation records were also found, containing in each case more or less extended annals of the events that occurred during the reign of the monarch whose official residence was thus brought to light. Until about the middle of the 19th century, our knowledge of the religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians was exceedingly scant.

Citing Primary Sources.

<<

He is followed by Stephen Mitchell, who reads from Mason, Herbert - Wilbur, Richard - Gertrude Clarke Whittall Poetry and Literature Fund - Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature (Library of Congress) - Mitchell, Stephen. 0000018406 00000 n All that could be transported was sent to the Louvre, and this material was subsequently published. Coming to Herodotus, it is a matter of great regret that the history of Assyria, which he declares it was his intention to write,[6] was either never produced, or if produced, lost. The loss of the latter's history of Babylon is deplorable indeed; its value would have been greater than the history of Herodotus, because it was based, as we know, on the records and documents preserved in Babylonian temples.

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The protection of the gods is invoked or their curses called down; the oath is taken in their name; while the manner in which the temples are involved in the commercial life of ancient Babylonia renders these tablets, which are chiefly valuable as affording us a remarkable insight into the people's daily life, of importance also in illustrating certain phases of the religious organization of the country. The temple became a favorite spot to which pilgrims came from all sides on the great festivals, to offer homage at the sacred shrines. 0000038745 00000 n /Root 219 0 R

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SURVIVALS OF ANIMISM IN THE BABYLONIAN RELIGION. The religious texts of Ashurbanabal's library occupy the first place in the literary group. THE TRIAD AND THE COMBINED INVOCATION OF DEITIES.

0000064730 00000 n

What he says about Babylonia and Assyria served merely as an introduction to Persian historythe real purpose of his workand the few fragments known chiefly through Diodorus and Eusebius, deal altogether with the succession of dynasties. /L 560331 Botta was followed by Austen Henry Layard, who, acting as the agent of the British Museum, conducted excavations during the years 184552, first at a mound Nimrud, some fifteen miles to the south of Khorsabad, and afterwards on the site of Nineveh proper, the mound Koyunjik, opposite Mosul, besides visiting and examining other mounds still further to the south within the district of Babylonia proper. Thanks, too, to his technical knowledge and that of his assistant, Felix Thomas, M. Place was enabled more accurately to determine the architectural construction of the temples and palaces of ancient Assyria. A large aftermath rewarded his efforts.

- Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature (Library of Congress) - Damas, Lon-Gontran. /Pages 212 0 R Already more than 20,000 tablets have been received at the University of Pennsylvania, besides many specimens of pottery, bowls, jars, cones, and images, as well as gold, copper, and alabaster work.

The construction of these edifices was of the same order as the one unearthed by Botta; and as at the latter, there was a large yield of sculptures, inscriptions, and miscellaneous objects.

Rassam and Rawlinson were afterwards joined by George Smith of the British Museum, who, instituting a further search through the ruins of Koujunjik, Nimrud, Kalah-Shergat, and elsewhere, made many valuable additions to the English collections, until his unfortunate death in 1876, during his third visit to the mounds, cut him off in the prime of a brilliant and most useful career.

Features Torben Brostrm, a noted Danish literature scholar, discussing Danish poetry and literature.

Within this same period (18521854) another exploring expedition was sent out to Mesopotamia by the French government, under the leadership of Fulgence Fresnel, in whose party were the above-mentioned Thomas and the distinguished scholar Jules Oppert.

The sum total of the information thus to be gleaned from ancient sources for an elucidation of the Babylonian-Assyrian religion is exceedingly meagre, sufficing scarcely for determining its most general traits.

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