Lets explore 12 fascinating and important submerged forests across the world. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Thank you! His underwater film work has appeared in documentaries on the Discovery Channel and National Geographic TV. 27, no. Stay in Touch with FLSSP News and Events. Further, following the April 15, 2019, Notre Dame cathedral fire, Ghana's Kete Krachi Timber Recovery submitted a proposal to use trees from the lake to help restore it. Actually a reservoir, Lake Volta is one of the worlds largest artificially created lakes, covering an area of about 3,275 square feet. "Williamette National Forest: Clear Lake Area." The area provides critical habitat for more than 40 endangered, threatened, and rare native species. The cold water poses problems for most diving gear; oxygen regulators can freeze up, or "free flow" and not shut off, and the tiniest hole in a dry suit can make diving uncomfortable. Renee Golleher suits up for winter scuba diving in Lake McDonald in Glacier National Park. His research takes him back 200 years, to a time when the water level of Lake McDonald dropped low enough to allow a forest of trees to grow near Sprague Creek, farther up the lake from Apgar. Some contain cypress or mangrove trees whose special roots allow them to breathe and survive even in water. The spectacular sight draws visitors from across the world who like to dive and paddle around it. Shovels, rakes, engine blocks, pots and pans can be found, along with what comes naturally - schools of lake trout and kokanee salmon. A deep ravine suddenly appears below us, perhaps the old bed of Sprague Creek; farther past this ravine in the greenish blue water we see the underwater monuments slowly emerge. The forest dates to an ice age more than 60,000 years ago, when sea levels were about 400 feet lower than they are today. as argued by the appellant. One stove is filled with relics from days gone by, perhaps from the original construction of the Going to the Sun highway in 1932, when locals say workers simply dumped their used tools in the lake. Is Buenos Aires the best destination in Argentina?

While climate change and the greenhouse effect on global warming have only in recent years fell into political favor, the subject has been tossed around in scientific circles for over two decades, he said.

They don't look like much to the untrained eye, but they're actually the only signs of the ancient, well-preserved underwater forest thats been sitting at the bottom of the lake for well over a thousand years. Kelp forests are also examples of living underwater forests. Scientific analysis of the site is ongoing. Placed in a historical context, the last 150 years have been abnormally wet, Stine said. Owusu, Francis Wilson, et al. A highly experienced and efficient professional team is in charge of our state-of-the-art equipped manufacturing unit located at Belavadi, Mysore. This along with our never-quality-compromised products, has helped us achieve long and healthy relationships with all our customers. Nedwell, David B. and Watson, Andrea. The crystal-clear waters make it easy to see the underground forest from above.

Submerged and underwater forests are those whose trees have been drowned due to rising sea levels and preserved thanks to cold water temperatures. Stine then had those samples radiocarbon dated. The following day, Stine went to investigate from the shoreline, at the same time that Steve and Renee Golleher, co-owners of Bighorn Divers in Kalispell, were coming out of the water. Doggerland is the now-submerged stretch of land that once connected GreatBritainto continental Europe. Best Cabin-in-the-Wood Getaways for Students in the US. Even Ted Golleher, 13, and Kenny Yarus, 14, get in on the action. "Archaeology: The Lost World." The equipment leaves only their cheeks exposed. An investigative reporter for AL.com, Ben Raines has covered environmental issues and natural wonders in Alabama for nearly two decades. Those trees date back to midieval times. In the mountains around Lake McDonald in Glacier National Park, snowstorms shroud the peaks. Caddo Lake is shallow and sprawling, filled with cypress trees covered in Spanish moss. "Fred and Loucille Dahmer Caddo Lake Preserve." A swarm of bubbles moves across the surface of Lake McDonald as if emanating from some unseen creature below, and a light rain pecks at the surface of the steely-gray water. Of course, you'd never know there was a massive ancient forest under this beautiful body of water. Growing in dense groupings, these provide critical habitat for marine wildlife and absorb carbon dioxide, giving them a crucial role in greenhouse gas regulation. Frigid water temperatures helped preserve the forest under the surface. Since the discovery of the submerged forest, researchers have found evidence of ancient hunting camps and believe that early hunters were able to roam and run through the lake. Press Esc to cancel. One of his favorite underwater haunts is a big underwater forest near the north end of the lake, where thick, 80-foot tall cedars jut toward the sky. Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation, Underwater Forest Is an Ancient 'Fairy World' Found Just Off the Alabama Coast, 13 of the Most Bizarre Lakes in the World, Explore Everglades National Park, One of the Most Resilient Ecosystems on Earth, 10 Extraordinary Places to Visit in Central Asia, 10 Facts About Olympic National Park, One of the Most Diverse Landscapes in the Country, 10 Bizarre Places on Earth Where Water Disappears, 10 Mind-Blowing Facts About Mammoth Cave National Park. "Quality Assessment of Some Timber Trees Extracted from the Afram Arm of the Volta Lake in Ghana: Sawing Characteristics." In the mountains around Lake McDonald in Glacier National Park, snowstorms shroud the peaks. He and his wife, Renee, their son Ted, and Yarus brave the icy waters for a 20-minute dip to see the submerged "rake garden" near Apgar. Bondevik, Stein, et al. 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Golleher remembers one trip to Flathead Lake where Renee was completely engulfed by a mammoth school of perch. 8 Ghost Forests Caused by Rising Sea Levels in the U.S. What Is Nutrient Pollution? Just off the coast of Alabama, an ancient forest swarms with sea life just like a coral reef.How did it get there? Ben is a graduate of New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts with a degree in filmmaking, and is a U.S. Coast Guard-licensed captain. Themystical phenomenon has made the Grner See a popular destination for scuba divers and keen Instagramers alike. Even in summer, though, some level of cold-water diving gear is needed. Visitors can kayak or paddleboard over the giant trees for a closer look. Pale green algae covers the underwater branches and trunks of the trees. Every Year, This Nature Park Transforms Into an Underwater Forest. We descend slowly into the water, the sounds of the nearby highway disappearing. [1][5] These sunken forests were known to early European settlers of the Seattle area, for whom the snags could be a hazard to ships on the lake, and as early as 1919, nearly 200 of the sunken trees had been removed from depths of 65132 feet (2040m). "Lake Volta, Ghana." Few people realize that the bottom of this well-known lake contains an ancient forest that dates back to Medieval times. El Cotillo, the Friendly Beach Village of the Canary Islands, 10 Things to Do on the South Coast of Iceland, 6 Memorable Hiking Treks Around the World, A New Zealand Itinerary for Adventure Seekers. Stepping into the water where Sprague Creek enters Lake McDonald, tall mountains towering around you, you get the feeling you are diving in a very special place.

Love Northern Cal? The Lake Washington sunken forests were both a part of the scientific discovery of a major fault line under Seattle, Washington, and part of a timber piracy case in the late 20th century. To combat the cold water, divers fill their suits with argon gas, a heavy, inert gas that helps insulate their bodies.

U.S. Forest Service. In a precedent-setting case, the Washington State Supreme Court decided that ancient drowned forests are state property and not eligible for salvage. Underneath is another story. For Dr. Scott Stine, a paleoclimatologist from California State University/Hayward, the clues to the past go much farther than these discarded relics. During the wet season, the nearby Mekong River fills with snowmelt and runoff from monsoons. The Green Lake in Austria could very well be the 8th wonder of the world. lake map 3d wood maps depth chart michigan wooden custom personalized lakes cribbage grommet water thegrommet boards bathymetric handcrafted cut Michael, et al. Residents fled as water drowned their housesabout 100 of them. Cars whiz past Lake McDonald on Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park, while at Apgar, tourists mill about the gravel beach with disposable cameras and capture the Kodak moment of the spectacular Rocky Mountains. Customer Delight has always been our top priority and driving force. We've updated our Privacy Policy, which will go in to effect on September 1, 2022. 1, 2013, pp.

The Undersea Voyager Project took it into their own hands to discover where this underwater forest might've come from, and you can watch the video about their explorations below. "Lava Flows, Rivers, and Lakes: Complex Interactions Along the McKenzie River, Central Oregon." He and his wife and son live in Fairhope, Ala. Like something out of Atlantis, the tall trees stand before us and reach toward the sunlight. One diver sits casually on a tree branch, roughly 70 feet under water. It sits at an altitude of 3,000-plus feet, so its temperature is near freezing year-round. Despite their "drowned" look, not all are dead. 9, 2016, pp. The state said he did not have a permit for this, and in 1994 charged him as a timber pirate, with the theft of over $150,000 worth of lumber. 737-742., doi:10.1038/ngeo2790. "This is one of the best freshwater dives in the nation," says Steve Golleher, owner of Big Horn Divers in Kalispell. "Bioprospecting for Industrial Enzymes and Drug Compounds in an Ancient Submarine Forest." There, waterbirds, fish, crocodiles, turtles, and other wildlife thrive. Stine is passionate, if not scientific, in his quest for knowledge about climate change. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. The nearby Lake Washington also has an underwater forest for this exact reason. In the winter time,Grner See is only 1 to 2 meters deep, and the surrounding parklands are enjoyed by hikers. FLSSPP.O. It was here that a group of local scuba divers explored an underwater forest with Stine three weeks ago. Did you know the story behind this underwater forest? Stine wonders if that scenario is setting up to happen again. A thousand years ago, a violent earthquake shook the region and pushed huge pieces of land up to 20 feet in the air. WINTER SCUBA DIVING IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. At 6 degrees Celsius (the highest temperature this lake can reach during summer time), a walk can only be imagined in a high-insulating swim suit. The trees, of species Picea schrenkiana, are evergreens native to the Tien Shan mountains and are commonly referred to as Shrenks spruces or Asian spruces. Steve Golleher has been winter diving for 13 years in Montana, not letting the cold get in the way of his hobby. In the early 1990s, Western Wood Lumber, owned by John Tortorelli, was conducting salvage logging operations on sunken logs in Lake Washington that were lost from early 20th century log booms. The fact that the water is close to freezing doesn't deter this group. Scientists discovered the cypress forest 60 feet underwater in the Gulf of Mexico after giant waves during 2004s Hurricane Ivan uncovered it. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'tourismontheedge_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_5',139,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-tourismontheedge_com-medrectangle-4-0')}; Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In time, rainwater filled the valley and thus Kaindy Lake was born. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 1/1/21). In colder weather, fish move up out of deeper water into shallower water, allowing them to be seen more easily. The fact that the water is close to freezing doesn't deter this group. You love to swim and play at Lake Sammamish State Park but did you know that the lake has a secret? Stine is studying global climate change in Glacier National Park and the northern Rocky Mountains this summer.

Despite the cold, divers flock to Willamette National Forest to swim in this lake through an ancient sunken forest. Join the first scientists and film crew to visit the site as they unlock the secrets of the past beneath the Gulf of Mexico.

The lake formed in 1988 because a dam was built and subsequently flooded the town of Bezid. People are interested in this because people are concerned.. A photography enthusiasts dream, the water surface is pierced by imposing trunks of spruce trees, contrasting the crystal clear waters. Because of the potential danger, divers won't go deeper than 50 or 60 feet in these conditions. Here you will find travel stories, inspiring places, adventures, tips for a memorable journey and a huge dosage of energy for your next trip! Head toward the southern end of the lake and you might notice several jagged, gray logs sticking up from the water. 4, no. You may recognize the Great African Seaforest from the 2020 Netflix documentary "My Octopus Teacher," which follows a diver as he develops a unique bond with an octopus who welcomes him into her underwater world. The lake is stunning, with vivid turquoise waters through which tall, thin tree trunks grow. These trees are alive and well, with special roots called pneumatophores that protrude above the water to capture oxygen. The guru of education gives us a big hint. Presented by This is Alabama, written and directed by Ben Raines. An ancient underwater forest teeming with aquatic life exists just off the coast of Alabama. 7, 1995, pp. The flooding essentially creates an underwater forest, allowing visitors to swim above landmarks they once walked by. A long dive lasts only 30 minutes. window._mNHandle = window._mNHandle || {}; window._mNHandle.queue = window._mNHandle.queue || []; Tourism on the Edge is a travel blog that explores the many sides of passionate traveling and dreams. One diver sits casually on a tree branch, roughly 70 feet under water. While climate change and the greenhouse effect on global warming have only in recent years fell into political favor, the subject has been tossed around in scientific circles for over two decades, he said. He wrote and produced the documentary Americas Amazon, which has been distributed to public schools across Alabama and is airing on PBS stations around the country. Please note, comments must be approved before they are published, 2022 Montana Living Sea Change Project. Geologists believe the lake was formed sometime in the past thousand years after an enormous log jam on the Red River created a dam and flooded the low-lying area. The evidence that Stine said he is finding around Glacier Park reflects a substantial and persistent drought, 100 to 200 years ago. An almost surreal landscape, especially in times of fog or snow. Two severe droughts gripped the West around 1130 AD and 1150 AD, interspersed by wet periods. In a precedent-setting decision, the Washington State Supreme Court found that the underwater forests belonged to the State of Washington (administered by the Department of Natural Resources). It is considered a treasure trove of information, providing new insights into everything from climate in the region to annual rainfall, insect populations, and the types of plants that inhabited the Gulf Coast before humans arrived in the new world. The theory summarized above is the one that is most widely accepted among researchers. Because the forest dates back millennia, it can provide valuable information about its regions history, from climate change to biodiversity patterns.

As a result, massive landslides occurred. Scientists believe a submarine landslide off the coast of Norway, the Storegga Slide, flooded coastal land surrounding it around 6200 BC. But that doesn't stop a group of hard-core scuba divers from donning elaborate gas-filled diving suits and entering the 36-degree water for a Sunday-afternoon dive. They believed the forest had been buried beneath sediments for more than 60,000 years. This Lakeside Horseback Trail Ride In Northern California Feels Like A Magical Secret, Enjoy Your Meal On The Beach At This Charming Lakefront Restaurant In Northern California, This One Beautiful Northern California Lake Has A Beach That Rivals The Coast, Visiting This One Mountain Lake In Northern California Is Like Experiencing A Dream, This Natural Staircase In Northern California Leads You To The Most Magical Hidden Lake, The Oldest Lake In America Is Right Here In Northern California And Its Amazing, The Clearest Lake In Northern California Is Almost Too Beautiful To Be Real, This Underrated Trail In Northern California Leads To A Hidden Turquoise Lake, The 12 Most Incredible Natural Attractions In Northern California. While their friends were probably playing ice hockey or skiing, these teenagers strap on their oxygen tanks, dry suits and protective gear that cover almost every inch of their bodies and enter the frigid water. The Underwater Forest details the discovery and exploration of an ancient cypress forest found sixty feet underwater in the Gulf of Mexico, due south of Gulf Shores, Alabama. "CH4Production, Oxidation and Emission in a U.K. Ombrotrophic Peat Bog: Influence of SO42from Acid Rain." About two miles off the shores of Lake Huron lies a petrified forest in 40 feet of water. Huge chunks of earth broke away from the lakes shores and slid into the water, including the trees. 2003). When the forest was young, sea levels were about 400 feet lower than they are today. Brave Enough for the Worlds Biggest Human Catapult?

Al Gore doesnt say anything in that movie (An Inconvenient Truth) that we (scientists) havent known for 20 years, Stine said. A few divers have dared to go down and explore the forest at the bottom of Lake Sammamish, which they describe as spooky. Stine, meanwhile, will continue to study in Glacier Park this summer before heading back to teach at California State University, Hayward. Is Perissa a Good Base for Your Stay in Santorini? National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Lewis, C.F. Debris from construction of Going to the Sun Road in the 1930s litters the lake floor. Copyright 2022 NewWest Communications LLC. Near the town of Tragoss, Austria, exists a natural wonder that will truly leave you stunned. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The oxygen-free underwater environment has hermetically sealed the trees in a sort of natural time capsule. The scientists believe the forest was buried beneath the Gulf sediments for eons, until giant waves driven by Hurricane Ivan in 2004 uncovered it. Stine has also studied submerged, rooted trees in lakes in California. Several discarded car engines evidence perhaps of Going to the Sun Roads construction days lie in state just off the shore from Apgar, some with heavy chains tied to them for mooring blocks. [4], The landslides on heavily wooded land created "bizarre submerged forests" of old-growth timber, preserved by the cool water and low oxygen in the deep lake. Active underground springs predominantly feed Clear Lake, which gives it its signature pellucid look. The unusual landscape was created after an earthquake in 1911 triggered a large landslide blocking the gorge and forming a natural dam. Before that, Doggerland was made up of thick forests and marshland, home to Mesolithic people who used it as a seasonal hunting ground. If you were able to swim to the bottom of the lake, youd find yourself in a different world believe it or not, theres a spooky ancient forest down there. Deligne, N.I., et al. Dead remnants of trees still rise above the lakes surface along with an old church tower. How does this happen? Box 605Issaquah, WA 98027425-577-3657director@flssp.org. While warm-water divers boast about the quality of their pursuit, Golleher says northwest Montana has some of the best diving in the world and you don't have to worry about saltwater corroding your gear. Stines goal is to put climate change in a geographic context, to find out how winter storms track throughout the west.Although Glacier National Park is far north of the areas Stine has studied in California, what hes finding here could help him in his quest to determine what weather the world experienced between 950 AD and 1250 AD. Now, under the surface, aquatic life thrives. Smithsonian Institution. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'tourismontheedge_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_6',138,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-tourismontheedge_com-medrectangle-3-0')};According to Amusing Planet, the sunken forest is part of the 400 meter long Kaindy Lake in Tian Shan Mountains, located 129 km away from the city of Almaty. She holds a degree in Environmental Sciences from Western Washington University. Only a few thousand people live in Kampong Phluk, a collection of three floating villages known for their clusters of tall houses on wooden stilts. [1][2][3] One of the forms of evidence was landslides at three locations around Lake Washington: off the southeast corner of Mercer Island (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}473130N 1221315W / 47.52500N 122.22083W / 47.52500; -122.22083 (Mercer Island sunken forest (south))), on the west side of the island across from Seattle's Seward Park (473345N 1221400W / 47.56250N 122.23333W / 47.56250; -122.23333 (Mercer Island sunken forest (west))), and one near Saint Edward State Park in present-day Kirkland, Washington (474230N 1221515W / 47.70833N 122.25417W / 47.70833; -122.25417 (Kirkland sunken forest)). The documentary follows the work of the team investigating the site, both underwater and in the laboratory. But that doesn't stop a group of hard-core scuba divers from donning elaborate gas-filled diving suits and entering the 36-degree water for a Sunday-afternoon dive. The Nature Conservancy. Lava flows from the High Cascades dammed Oregons McKenzie River about 3,000 years ago, preserving the areas pristine forest and creating Clear Lake. About 78,000 people were relocated and 120 buildings destroyed when the area was flooded upon the completion of the Akosombo Dam in 1965. When explorers searching for a route over the Cascades discovered the lake in 1859, they didnt realize an entire ecosystem lay just below its surface. Tetcu Mircea Rare / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0. Its safe to say this is one to add to the bucket list. Those trees date back to midieval times. Enter your email address below to subscribe to our newsletter. The decision rested on a determination that the Federal Submerged Lands Act of 1953 applied to the underwater forests and not just traditional seabed or lakebed natural resources (molluscs, minerals etc.) Nothing like the forest, in terms of age or scale, has ever been found. With more than a decade of experience and expertise in the field of power transmission, we have been successfully rendering our services to meet the various needs of our customers. The answer is a little unsettling -- it starts with an earthquake. Take a Journey Through the Ghostly Sunken Forest of Kaindy Lake, The Surprising Beauty and Benefits of Driftwood, 10 Historic Plants and Why They Went Extinct, 12 Unexpected Facts About Arizonas Petrified Forest National Park, 10 Beautifully Surreal Forests Fit for a Fairy Tale. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'tourismontheedge_com-box-2','ezslot_1',132,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-tourismontheedge_com-box-2-0')}; This underwater forest in Kaindy Lake, Kazakhstan brings a whole new dimension to the concept of walking through the forest. 2, 2008, pp. However, theres one ancient forest that you probably havent seenbecause it happens to be underwater.

It's also where the oldest archaeological evidence of art and science was discovered. The evidence, including long-dead tree stumps and compacted peat, emerges after stormy weather washes away the sand covering it. Caddo Lake wetlands are home to a tremendous number of various plants and animals. Northern California is just full of surprises! 142-151. The lake was formed when the Mullaperiyar Dam was built in 1895, flooding thick woodlands and their rugged landscape. At a depth of about 50 feet we swim in small groups north. 45, 2012, pp. The toothpicklike trunks above the waters surface are seemingly barren, stripped of life due to prolonged exposure to the elements.

Type above and press Enter to search. If youve lived in Northern California for awhile, its more than likely youve seen your fair share of old trees. After taking a break from Glacier National Park and diving McGregor Lake last week, the Wednesday night dives continued this week with exploration of a recently discovered sunken tour boat in Lake McDonald.While that wont reveal much about climate change, it will give a small group of people some valuable insight to our past. The people were flooded out of the area over time as glaciers and ice sheets began to melt. The forest at the bottom of this lake exists because of one of those landslides. While their friends were probably playing ice hockey or skiing, these teenagers strap on their oxygen tanks, dry suits and protective gear that cover almost every inch of their bodies and enter the frigid water. A major earthquake (magnitude 7 to 7.5) occurred on the Seattle Fault about 900 C.E., creating multiple forms of evidence that led to the discovery of the fault and its description in Science in 1992. KPTCL,BESCOM, MESCOM, CESC, GESCOM, HESCOM etc., in Karnataka. Like cypress trees, mangroves have natural conduits that protrude out of the water and allow them to breathe while submerged. Using carbon dating, scientists have determined the trees to be nearly 7,000 years old. KPTCL, BESCOM, MESCOM, CESC, GESCOM, HESCOM etc are just some of the clients we are proud to be associated with. The real magic occurs underwater, where a submerged pine tree forest keeps on living. Dropping 10 fathoms down, below the green waves of the Gulf and back in time to this prehistoric world amounts to a sort of time travelers journey. Just 100 yards from the beach, old wood stoves sit under 50 feet of water in the grey mud. The film was written and directed by AL.coms Ben Raines, who also filmed the underwater sequences and organized the first scientific missions to the site. 11, no. Nature, vol. But when spring approaches and the snow begins to melt, the lake swells to almost 12 meters deep, and causes a mystical transformation. UNI POWER TRANSMISSION is an ISO 9001 : 2008 certified company and one of the leading organisation in the field of manufacture and supply of ACSR conductors.

Now, we are one of the registered and approved vendors to various electricity boards in Karnataka. The petrified trees originally grew on dry land, so their discovery suggests that the Great Lakes area had a very different landscape thousands of years ago. The reservoir, measuring 10 square miles, is now part of a 357-square-mile protected area serving as an elephant and tiger reserve. Things to Do and See in Brousse-le-Chteau, France, Most Remote Travel Destinations You Can Fly To, What to Do in Munster, Germany: A Guide for First Timers, 7 Reasons to Fall in Love with Cortona, Italy, Uplifting Things to Do in Australia for Nature Lovers, Camden Town, London: A Travel Guide for First Timers. This is the only forest of giant bamboo kelp in the world, extending from the shores of Cape Town to Namibia (a distance of more than 600 miles). Whats the future of education? The forest appears to be a wholly unique relic of our planets past, the only known site where a coastal ice age forest this old has been preserved in place. Substantial Role of Macroalgae in Marine Carbon Sequestration, Bioprospecting for Industrial Enzymes and Drug Compounds in an Ancient Submarine Forest, Lava Flows, Rivers, and Lakes: Complex Interactions Along the McKenzie River, Central Oregon, Williamette National Forest: Clear Lake Area, Evolution of Lakes in the Huron Basin: Deglaciation to Present, Fred and Loucille Dahmer Caddo Lake Preserve, Quality Assessment of Some Timber Trees Extracted from the Afram Arm of the Volta Lake in Ghana: Sawing Characteristics, CH4Production, Oxidation and Emission in a U.K. Ombrotrophic Peat Bog: Influence of SO42from Acid Rain, Green Mosses Date the Storegga Tsunami to the Chilliest Decades of the 8.2 ka Cold Event.


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