I say once again, Todah Rabah. Mohammed Yusuf, as the leader, was surrounded by several disciples organized in a hierarchical structure based on their loyalty and devotion to him. The groups affiliation is in the following circumstances. The global threat of terrorism respect no boundaries or borders. B.Y. In spite of the complexity and fluidity of the subject of terrorism, definitions have kept emerging. c. Create general insurrection in a state; ii. (iv) An extra societal element with outside society in the case of domestic terrorism or foreign in terms of international terrorism (NRC, 2002). Consequently, on July 16, 2009, the sect made good on the threat by attacking police stations in Maiduguri. The residents gave the group this name because of its strong aversion to Western education; which the sect members consider to be corrupting Muslims. According to Claver (2002:302, Cited in Ogochukwu, 2013), he stated that terrorism is the use of force to impact fear with a view to bringing about political, economic or social change. The scope covers the extent of socio-economic effects orchestrated by the Boko Haram sect with close attention to the North-Eastern region of Nigeria since it is said to be the stronghold of the sect. Individuals become part of a group or society as a result of deep integration, so they lose their individuality and individual identity. 3. (vi) Since its formation in 2001 and more to greater militancy in 2009, Boko Haram has ideologically and militantly opposed the Nigerian Government. Chapter Four: Socio-economic effects of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Schbley (2003) sees terrorism as violent behaviors committed against the symbolic civilians or their belongings. 1.5 Objectives to the Study 4.4 Root Causes of Boko Haram Terrorism: A Socio-Economic Angle b. I also acknowledge all lecturers of the Department of Political Science for the knowledge instilled in me during the course of my study. However, the definition of terrorism in the EFCC Act according to (Alemika, 2013:202) is comprehensive and paradoxically and may turn out to be a catch-22 provision that covers anything and everything. 5. Perhaps, the only consensus among analysts with regard to terrorism is that there is no universally acceptable definition of the concept. In lieu, I adore the role played by my aunties such as- Mrs. Elizabeth Iwuala, Mrs Blessing Ejike, Mrs Ada Ndimele, Miss Chidinma Agharanya, inter alias. Additionally, other intellectuals who were swayed by the sects ideologies abandoned their jobs, burnt their certificates, and sold their assets to contribute to the growth of the group as they joined. (iii) Ansaru (Jamaatu Ansarul Muslimina Fi Biladis Sudan) splintered off from Boko Haram due to ideological differences in January 2012. 5. The list includes Prof. A.A Agbaje, Dr. R.E. 1.4 Research Questions He is nicknamed "Darul Tawheed" (Specialist in orthodox doctrine of the uniqueness and oneness of Allah) and is fondly called imam or leader by his followers. This situation has made it impossible for the citizens in that part to effectively carry out their legitimate businesses. Boko Haram wishes to create an Islamic state in Nigeria and has targeted government security forces and defenseless civilians in its operations. Addressing these crimes does not mean to assess them in the same category or define with political terrorism. This is centered on different literature that is directly related to the Boko Haram menace in Nigeria. Laqueur (1987), one of the authorities in this area, uses a simple definition for terrorism. Sequel to this, national security threat is a major issue for the government of today and it has prompted huge allocation of the national budget to security. Violence is now endemic in human relations. Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the nation for the purpose of intimidation, coercion or ransom. 5.2 Summary Apparently, the security situation in Nigeria appears or at least have remained insurmountable and many people have argued that government at all levels have not done enough by not confronting the situation head on and dealing with it decisively, others have argued that the situation has a political undertone or inclination calculated to serve the interest of certain political gods, who have been dissatisfied and disgruntled about the political manifestations in the country. (ii) Ansar Al-dine and Boko Haram fought alongside each other in Mali against the Azawad National Liberation Movement and several reports have documented Boko Haram activity in Ansar Al-dine controlled territories. Many of the people the group attracted were refugees from the wars across the border in Chad as well as jobless Nigerian youths. Internal security has been significantly undercut by violent activities of civilian-in-arms against the Nigerian State. Its execution depends on concealment, surprise, stealth, conspiracy, and deception.
However, the egoistic type evolves from the deficiency in collective activity leading to individuals not achieving their means and ends, while anomic type springs from the deficiency of individual passions leading them to lack the ability to control themselves. Can militaristic approach without more work, work? These have included radicalized religious and regional youth groups, prominent among which are the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), OOdua Peoples Congress (OPC), the Arewa Peoples Congress (APC), Bakassi Boys, Egbesu Boys, the Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), and more recently, Boko Haram, Ansaru, Kala-Kato, and Ombatse, among others (Onuoha, 2012: 134-151). Its initial base in Yobe State was called Afghanistan, and the sects adherents were referred to as Talibans by the locals. Hazard Mitigation Plan Update (HMPU) (2011) also defined international terrorist activities that are foreign based and /or sponsored by organizations or groups outside the country. Domestic terrorism is terrorist activities that focus on facilities or populations without foreign direction. The predominant threat and security challenges in the area are emendating from un-abating attacks on Nigerian citizens, individuals, public and governmental installations, kidnapping and destruction of properties. Unfortunately, he was killed in custody under bizarre circumstances. Are there lessons to be leant in the ways other countries handle such threat? Some definitions focus on terrorist tactics to define the term, while others focus on the actor. (i) Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram share similar ideologies and in 2011, a Boko Haram member, Mamman Nur reportedly received trainings from Al-Shabaab in Somalia before launching the attack against the United Nations headquarters in Abuja on August 26, 2013. In this perspective, terrorism is defined as a psychological warfare aimed at impacting the political process through violence. This remains its modus operandi to date. (ii) With an intent to coerce societies or governments by inducing fear in their populations. How does Boko Haram activities impact on Nigerias socioeconomic sphere
To examine its causes The main remnant group under the guidance of Yusuf relocated to Maiduguri and expanded rapidly as young, middle-class Islamic students from universities and colleges within the region joined its ranks. Nigeria as a nation-state is under a severe internal socio-economic and security threat. I hesitate to single out anyone, lest I slight others, but at the same time I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge at least some of those with whom I worked most closely. - Altruistic Suicide Terrorism. He was born in Shekau village in Yobe State and is believed to be in his 30s. This section is well immersed with pre existing views and perceptions of various scholars and academicians as regards their contributions to the subject matter. 5.3 Conclusion In this context, the term terror can be used for the events that cause severe damage, and anxiety in people. In fact, Yusuf lived a lavish life, and his children attended Western-styled schools. The justification of this scope and period is also because the activities of Boko Haram rose to its peak and the examining of efforts made by the government of President Goodluck Jonathan at combating Boko Harams violent operations. The groups are ideologically aligned and wish to establish Sharia beyond the borders of their respective home states (Victor and Karl, 2013). What is the nature of this threat? It gives a general description of how Nigeria as a state has been continually affected by the havoc wreaked by Boko Haram sect. Generally, Durkheim described three categories of suicide. Indeed, the better the issue is understood the more efficacious would be policy aimed at combating not just Boko Haram terrorism but also other like-minded individuals or groups that might arise in the future due to the deterioration of the socio-economic conditions of Nigerians. 2.3.5 Political Justification The return to democracy in Nigeria in May, 1999, brought hopes of development and political stability to Nigeria.
Also, my gratitude goes to all my colleagues of Pos Class 2017, you all lightened my fire and amplified my quest to study hard. 6. Ansarus goals of eradicating western influence in West Africa and establishing Sharia are similar to Boko Harams. With the lingering security challenges and the inability of the security apparatus of the government to guarantee safety and security in the country, the question that baffles everyone in Nigeria today is that can there be security? Is security of lives and properties achievable? Unlike other authors who have hinged the operations of the sect to a kind of political undertone; this study deems fit to establish the poor socio economic conditions especially in the North eastern region which have been serving as a veritable ground for the sect quest to gradually dethrone the legitimacy of the Nigerian State. Similarly, my respect goes to my friends from day one of my study in this prestigious institution of learning- Esan Oluyemi, Boniface James, Adeyinka Moses, Akuma Joshua and Obiebi Sylvester. The Boko Haram sect usually offers food, shelter, security and alternative succor to these homeless children and youths to get their support. 2.3.2 Religious, Political and Ethnic Justifications of the Boko Haram Sect Thus, considering the motley of prevailing opinions which sometimes contradictory as far as the impetus for Boko Haram terrorism is concerned, the efficacy of policy response (either soft or hard) in long term rests on a well informed understanding of the causal factors of which socio-economic conditions are crucial. According to the Revised Academic Consensus definition of terrorism cited in (Alemika, 2013:201) refers, on the one hand, to a doctrine about the presumed effectiveness of a special form or tactic of fear-generating, coercive political violence and, on the other hand, to a conspiratorial practice of calculated, demonstrative, direct violent action without legal or moral restraints, targeting mainly civilians and non-combatants, performed for its propagandistic psychological effects on various audiences and conflict parties. Specifically, the conclusion will be deducted from discussions in the preceding chapters of the project. These groups have orchestrated several bombing that have killed millions of innocent citizens of the country and also caused the destruction of both private and public properties worth of billions of naira. The unity of Nigeria is seriously threatened by the activities of Boko Haram fundamentalist sect and therefore, considered to be a major potential terrorist threat affecting the great and strategic territorial shores of Nigeria mostly on the part of her socio-economic potency being questioned. Nigeria is not free from these threats, emanating from Boko Haram activities. - It only takes five minutes For instance, when several hooligans commit a series of crimes intimidating and threatening other people during the night on the street, it may be called street terror or when somebody or some gang members drive their vehicles very dangerously while they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs and kill many people by causing several severe accidents, it may be defined as traffic terror. Taking cognizance to the above assertion, it is very noteworthy in the scheme of politics or as far as the plethora of roles bothering around government is concerned that the primary or most germane function which every government seek to accentuate as even enshrined in the Nigeria 1999 constitution, is the protection of lives and properties of its citizens. 4. In lieu, this is justified due to the level of academic programme through which this study is being carried out. 2.1 Introduction 6. 3.4.1 Soft Approach Drawing a definitude borderline between terrorists and freedom fighters continue to pose a conceptual as well as theoretical default (Gandu, 2009). 1.2 Statement of the Problem I am not an exception to this. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) () categorizes terrorism as one of two types, Cited in Adekoya, 2012). Chapter Three: Nigerian Government Counter Terrorism Strategies. 3.3 Views of Counter Terrorism Strategy 2. More so, Boko Haram insurgence has become the major problem facing Nigerians in the recent time. At a more general level, the threat has social, economic, political and environmental dimensions. This sect famously dubbed Boko Haram, meaning western civilization/education is forbidden, claims to be on a mission to Islamize the Nigerian State. 3.4.2 The Military in Counter-terrorism, CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF BOKO HARAM IN NIGERIA In terms of this distinction, Howard and Sawyer (2004), sees terrorism as grounded absolutely in political goals and motives involved in violence and/ or intimidation intended to attain consequences impacting beyond the initial sufferers or targets directed and controlled by an organized group which has a chain of command or a cell structure committed by a subordinate group or an informal structure. There is evidence that some disgruntled ex-service men and sympathetic security forces officials also joined this group to inflict more damage on the state (Zenn, 2012). 4. 4.1 Introduction This may lead to abuse and engender a form of law enforcement terrorism by the government that may invoke it in many circumstances that are inappropriate. Another basic limitation rests on the collection and availability of data especially with regards to Boko Haram attacks. - Suicide Terrorism Where there is widespread perception and evidences to suggest that the citizens are not getting a good deal from the state, they could resort to violence. While some of the sites are locked and others have some earlier information removed, there was also the grave limitation posed by inaccuracy by different sources (news outfits) with regards to an attack or the number of dead or injured. 4.4.1 Unemployment and High Population in Northern Nigeria I acknowledge my lecturer and supervisor, Dr. J.O. Almost all terrorist acts are aimed at frightening a target population and ultimately they pursue to gain some kinds of political ends. He assumed leadership of Boko Haram after the death of Yusuf and quickly reorganized the sect members. According to Reich 1998, Cited in Ogochukwu, 2013 ), as a strategy of resistance to the modern state, terrorism emerged some half century after the French revolution, when the term originated as a description of the state regime of terror. 7. The source of the groups money at its early stage of existence is not clear but included contributions from members as well as sustenance through its farm (Walker, 2008). The Nigerian Police (NP) investigated the group following reports that the sect was arming itself. The last decade in Nigeria has experienced an increase in violent, conflicts and criminality, which tended to undermine those expectations. HMPU (2011) in its report predicts that global trends indicate that the growing number of terrorist groups will become more networked and even harder to identify and track. 2.3 The Origins of the Boko Haram Sect The distinction between domestic and international terrorism refers not to where the terrorist act takes place but rather to the origin of the individuals or groups responsible for it. Most of the recruits used by the Boko Haram and suicide bombers are drawn from the former Almajiris (poor street children, from poor Muslim parentage, who had been denied formal Western education but had been exploited while growing up by rich Islamic clerics who use them as street beggars to ask for alms on the streets of Northern Nigeria). The Al-Muntada al-Islami, an agency headed by Dr. Adil ibn Mohammed al-Saleem, based in England and associated with Saudi Arabia charity and Daawa institutions as well as other institutions that have been classified as terror financing agencies have been identified as having provided funding to the sect (Schwartz, 2001). Though Boko Haram cannot solve these crises, they are reaping the benefits of a frustrated disillusioned population. Political repression, especially of specific ethnic, religious or racial groups; It also involves the use of violence against a non-combatant targets. The desires and pleasures of the persons are regulated by the community. The sect attracted more and more people under its roof by offering welfare handouts, food, and shelter. This study is thereby motivated by strong desire to contribute to the ranging dissolution, its socio-economic implication on Nigerias development. Durkheim (1951) identifies this as altruistic suicide. Nigeria has enjoyed unbroken stretch of democracy since 1999 with strong political structures that guarantee equal representation and appointments to positions of authority as regulated by Federal Characters Commission. The word terrorism just like some other social science concepts has proved to be one of the most difficult concepts to define. The findings revealed that the strategies of Nigerian government failed because she failed to address adequately the socio-economic factors that equipped the sect such as unemployment, poverty, corruption/bad leadership, poor economy structure. The act itself communicates a future threat to people who identifies with the victims. Jobless, angry young men who form a massive talent pool from which Boko Haram can draw, while broader northern society somewhat justifiably views the federal government and security services trying to eradicate Boko Haram with contempt. 3.2 Strategies of Combating Terrorism Economic environment quality of living of citizens, extent of inequality (influenced by corruption and economic policies), organized and transnational crime, economic exploitation or/and widespread corruption resulting in gross inequality; widespread poverty and economic discrimination; The research further exposed that the strategy used in curtailing militancy in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria failed to tackle terrorism in the North Eastern part of the country which can be regarded as the nerve of the sect because of the international affiliation and its religious connotation to terrorism. Sandler and Enders (2002) considered terrorism as premeditated use, or threat of extra normal violence to obtain a political objective through intimidation or fear directed at large audience by weaker side in an asymmetrical conflict. This research work will attempt to answer these questions, and build up relevant literatures on Islamist fundamental, and contributes to academic, professional and security at large as it enlightens, develops and informs citizens and government of the reoccurring activities of domestic terrorists and making of possible ways for policy makers to strategize measures to handle the conflict in Nigeria. To examine various measures utilized to counter Boko Haram negative impact considering its socio-economic underpinning. Boko Haram had regrouped under a new leader, Abubakar Shekau (Boko Haram Attacks Timeline, The Guardian, September 25, 2012). Chapter Five: Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion. Unlike his predecessor, Shekau lacks charisma and oratorical skills, but his intense ideological commitment and ruthlessness have kept him as the group's spiritual leader (Profile of Nigeria's Boko Haram Leader Abubakar Shekau. BBC News, June 22, 2012.). When Yusuf was killed, Shekau married one of his four wives and adopted his children, a move that was considered an attempt to preserve the cohesion of Boko Haram. It is therefore, hoped that this study will be relevant and of benefits to the students and scholars of political science, history, intelligent and security studies and the society at large. 3.1 Introduction
International terrorism poses the greatest threat to national security. Another scholar who draws attention to these distinctions by explaining the differences between the terms terror and terrorism is Taylor (1988). 4.4.4 Low Educational Profile in the Northern Region, CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION Political, socio-cultural and religious pluralism that breeds inter-group rivalry and violence; 4.4.3 Economic development and income inequality At some point, the Borno State Government appointed a member of the sect, Buji Foi, as commissioner of water resources and chieftaincy affairs in return for political support from the sect. Students have been forced to flee their schools as the gravity of the crisis. Despite these efforts, the level of insecurity in the country is still high. Poverty has led to frustration and anger amongst the poor and the marginalized cultural and religious groups in the country. Also, The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act cited in (Alemika, 2003:202-203) defines terrorism as a crime involving: i. Boko Haram activities, has fundamentally dethroned socio-economic activities by Increased crime and destruction of both lives and properties of Nigeria citizens. White (2002) indicates that Laqueurs definition does not completely explain the political issues of terrorism, but it provides the practitioners a way to progress outside the problematic argument of a definition. In lieu, I pay homage to the innocent citizens and members of the Armed Forces, whose lives were cut short in the process to sustain a unified Nigeria, may their souls rest in peace. Boko Haram is the local name for the Jamaatu Ahl As-Sunna Li-Dawati Wal Jihad given by the residents of Maiduguri, Borno State.
Other sources of funding are believed to have come through clandestine contributions from politicians, businessmen, and other wealthy individuals who fear attacks from the group. Yusuf, himself, lived a very different lifestyle from that of his followers: he had four wives and 12 children, and was not considered a poor man by the Nigerian standards. This became a base for migrants where they engaged in moral rebirth through strict study of the Quran. This violence coincided with the run-up to the presidential elections. The 2009 uprising was eventually crushed by a police and military assault, leaving hundreds dead and the sect's headquarters and mosque in ruins. He barely had any Western education and hailed from a poor family background in Jakusko, Yobe State (Taiwo, et al, 2009). 4. Many of these conditions pre-date Boko Haram, and Boko Harams existence and agenda are tangential to these problems. It has also unabatedly led to scaring foreign investors out of the country. Beyond serving as an addition to already existing literature, it will serve as a practical guide for those in the field of criminal investigation departments, anti- terrorism or counter insurgence et cetera. In 2012, Boko Haram released a video calling for Jihad against the United States, Israel and Great Britain. Thus, it is important to have insight into scholars views on the subject areas thereby laying the foundations for a robust research. What are the measures used to stem low the negative impact of Boko Haram considering its socio-economic underpinning, 1. According to the convention for prevention and combating terrorism by (African Union (AU) Article 1 (3), terrorism is defined as any act which is a violation of criminal laws of a state party and which may endanger the life, physical integrity or freedom or causes serious injuries or death to any person, any number or group of persons or causes damage to public or private property, natural resources, environment or cultural heritage. This perspective is deeply rooted in the staunch defense of Sunni Islam based on strict adherence to the Qur'an and authentic Sunna (practices) of the Prophet Muhammad (Al-Matroudi, I. Abdul Hakim, 2006). In Gandus view (2009), there is a thin line between freedom fighters and terrorists but the case of terrorism in Nigeria today is clear. In essence, an in-depth and robust investigation that can positively influence policies geared towards deterring unwholesome socio-economic manifestations in Nigeria as a whole is expedient. Therefore, bringing to our understanding that Boko Haram sect is pre-occupied with carrying out various degree of attacks on civilians, usually used by the powerless against powerful; International terrorism interludes terrorists attacking a foreign target other than within own country or abroad (Rourke 2008:316). He primarily explained these three categories as commonly applicable typologies. For these reasons, the Islamic tie with this sect will be examined for the sake of clarity in order to guide our mind throughout the course of this research. The sect also engaged in extensive and intimidating sermons that included the threat of the use of force in recruiting new members. Ethnic separatist, violence in the 1930s provoked the League of Nations formed after the first world war to encourage world stability and peace to defined terrorism for the first time as: All criminal acts directed against a state and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the mind of particular persons or group of persons or the general public (League of Nation convention definition of terrorism, 1937, Cited in Ogochukwu, 2013). He argues that terrorism uses criminals, sycophants, sadists, or hooligans to achieve different political ends. in vain. Although Shekau does not communicate directly with the sects foot soldiers, he maintains strict control through a few select cell leaders. In vitality, the activities of the sect has also effected the posting of students of Southern and Eastern extradition on National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) to the North, to the extent that parents are strongly resisting the posting of their children as Corpers to the North. This can be deduced from the activities of the Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria which has been destabilizing socio-economic activities especially in the northern part of the country. a. 2. Eefseh and Robert (2011) observed that terrorism in Nigeria in which ever dimension is stimulated by socio-economic considerations. Suicide attacks are therefore a unique type of terrorism amongst others because a perpetrator himself becomes a human-missile which can make the last second adjustments to maximize the damage, when he decides to commit this assault. However, Boko Haram has never targeted directly any of these nations. In Uganda the Lords Resistant Army (LRA) wanted to enforce the Ten Commandments on the Ugandan constitutions and violence became the order of the day. The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria guarantees freedom of religion and worship and no individual or section of the country have been denied these fundamental human rights, whether Christians, Muslims, idol worshippers, atheists or any other religion. Terrorism is a word with great rhetorical power but with limited scientific precision. Although these groups ideological differences influenced their tactics and targets selection. More so, relevant and related literature was reviewed using conceptual and theoretical approaches.