The Romanians joined their ethnic brethren in Romania, while the Slovaks, Serbs and Croats helped establish states of their own (Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia). This was later known as the Red Terror in Hungary. The Treaty of Trianon recognised this at a legal level by signing separate peace treaties with what were now separate and independent states. After the War everyone wanted some sacrifice from Hungary, and no one dared to say a word of peace or goodwill for her. [37] Military and political events changed rapidly and drastically after the Hungarian unilateral disarmament: During the rule of Krolyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary rapidly lost control over approximately 75% of its former pre-WWI territories (325,411km2 (125,642sqmi)) without a fight and was subject to foreign occupation. The treaty was dictated by the Allies rather than negotiated, and the Hungarians had no option but to accept its terms. The men of the Hungarian Red Army were recruited mainly from the volunteers of the Budapest proletariat. Officially the treaty was intended to be a confirmation of the right of self-determination for nations and of the concept of nation-states replacing the old multinational Austro-Hungarian empire. With the economic issues facing Austria, the bankers and investors in Vienna had little reason to look towards Budapest for their investments. According to the National Office for Refugees, the number of Hungarians who immigrated to Hungary from neighbouring countries was about 350,000 between 1918 and 1924.[99]. or "Everything back!"). 1922. ", Balogh, Eva S. "Peaceful Revision: The Diplomatic Road to War. In 2004, a majority of voters approved extending citizenship to ethnic Hungarians in a referendum, which nonetheless failed due to low turnout. [53] After the proclamation of the Slovak Soviet Republic, the Hungarian nationalists and patriots soon realized that the new communist government had no intentions to recapture the lost territories, only to spread communist ideology and establish other communist states in Europe, thus sacrificing Hungarian national interests. A npessg vltoz etnikai arculata Magyarorszg mai terletn (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Kroly, Bottlik Zsolt, Rbert Gyri, and Charles WJ Withers, "Trianon and its aftermath: British geography and the 'dismembermentof Hungary, c. 1915-c. What was the Rumanian occupation of Hungary: a systematic rapine and the systematic destruction for a long time hidden, and the stern reproach which Lloyd George addressed in London to the Premier of Rumania was perfectly justified. Romanian forces were permitted to advance to the River Mure (Maros). Peter Hank, "Hungary on a fixed course: An outline of Hungarian history, 19181945." Furthermore, they believed the treaty would help toward a new era of dependence on international law, the fraternity of nations, equal rights, and human liberty as well as aid civilisation in the effort to free humanity from international violence. On 3 June, Romania was forced into further retreat but extended its line of defence along the Tisza River and reinforced its position with the 8th Division, which had been moving forward from Bukovina since 22 May. This was, in fact, a deliberate policy. [83] The population of the autonomous Croatia-Slavonia was mostly composed of Croats and Serbs (who together counted 87% of population). The ceasefire line had the character of a temporary international border until the treaty. However, on 14 November, Serbia occupied Pcs. Hungarian troops prevailed and the Romanian Army retreated to its bridgehead at Tokaj. Between 15 and 29 September 1918, Franchet d'Esprey, in command of a relative small army of Greeks (9 divisions), French (6 divisions), Serbs (6 divisions), British (4 divisions) and Italians (1 division), staged a successful Vardar Offensive in Vardar Macedonia that ended by taking Bulgaria out of the war. In absolute terms, Romanian troops had considerably fewer casualties than either Britain or France, however. ", Bartha, Dezso. Nothing, in fact, can justify the measures of violence and the depredations committed in Magyar territory. In spite of the country being under Allied blockade, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was formed and the Hungarian Red Army was rapidly set up. Hungary then controlled the territory almost to its old borders; regained control of industrial areas around Miskolc, Salgtarjn, Selmecbnya (Bansk tiavnica), Kassa (Koice). As with all the other treaties with those who had fought against the Allies, Hungary suffered territorial losses that affected her economic strength, military restrictions and population issues.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4','ezslot_12',114,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-4-0')}; When compared to its pre-war borders, what was seen as Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, lost nearly 75% of its territory. Original from the University of California [14][15], Despite of the much-touted "people's self-determination" idea of the Allied Powers, after World War I only one plebiscite (later known as the Sopron plebiscite) was allowed concerning disputed borders on the former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. [139] This shows that the various parts of the former monarchy were economically interdependent. The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5% / 25.5%). The number of non-Hungarian and Hungarian communities in the different areas based on the census data of 1910 (in this, people were not directly asked about their ethnicity, but about their native language). [138] Meanwhile, the territory of present-day Czech Republic (Kingdom of Bohemia) owned 75% of the whole industrial capacity of former Austria-Hungary. This sum sunk to a mere 8.6 million crowns after the treaty took effect and resulted in a starving of capital in other regions of the former empire. One of the main elements of the treaty was the doctrine of "self-determination of peoples", and it was an attempt to give the non-Hungarians their own national states. Post-1920 Hungary only had 38% of the rail lines that had existed in the pre-war Austro-Hungarian Empire. [28] The political collapse of Austria-Hungary itself was now only a matter of days away. [104][pageneeded], While the territories that were now outside Hungary's borders had non-Hungarian majorities overall, there also existed some sizeable areas with a majority of Hungarians, largely near the newly defined borders. The communist government followed the Soviet model: the party established its terror groups (like the infamous Lenin Boys) to "overcome the obstacles" in the Hungarian countryside. [27] That collapse of the Southern Front was one of several developments that effectively triggered the November 1918 Armistice. [21] This caused a rapidly escalating July Crisis resulting in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, followed quickly by the entry of most European powers into the First World War. [110] The Western powers' main priority was to prevent a resurgence of the German Reich and they therefore decided that her allies in the region, Austria and Hungary, should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies,[citation needed] each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary.
The Treaty of Trianon also stated that those Hungarians who now lived outside of Hungarys borders would lose their Hungarian nationality within one year of the treaty being signed in June 1920. Original from Indiana University It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states. The Hungarian Red Army achieved some military success early on: under the leadership of Colonel Aurl Stromfeld, it ousted Czechoslovak troops from the north and planned to march against the Romanian Army in the east. The French sided with their allies the Romanians who had a long policy of cultural ties to France since the country broke from the Ottoman Empire (due in part to the relative ease at which Romanians could learn French)[121] although Clemenceau personally detested Brtianu. "Hungarian and Soviet Efforts to Possess Ruthenia", Romsics, Ignc. [69][72][73] The Allies assigned territories that were mostly populated by non-Hungarian ethnicities to successor states, but also allowed these states to absorb sizeable territories that were mainly inhabited by Hungarian-speaking populations. [49] When the Republic of Councils in Hungary was established, it controlled only approximately 23percent of the Hungary's historic territory. [75], Francesco Saverio Nitti served as Prime Minister of Italy between 1919 and 1920. The Hungarian Royal Honvd army still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers[31][32] when Mihly Krolyi was announced as prime minister of Hungary. By Felix Wittmer By Domokos G. Kosry, Steven Bla Vrdy, Danubian Research Center The new state was also bereft of a healthy supply of raw materials such as iron ore as pre-war supplies of this were now found outside of Hungarys borders. [citation needed]. During the Sopron-area plebiscite in 1921, the polling stations were supervised by British, French, and Italian army officers of the Allied powers. All the treaties signed by the defeated nations had at their core a desire to ensure that none of the Central Powers could ever become a threat to European peace again. Romsics, Ignc. [86] It is also argued that there were different results in previous censuses in the Kingdom of Hungary and subsequent censuses in the new states. French diplomats played the major role in the drafting, and Hungarians were kept in the dark. The Hungarian politicians claimed that they were ready to give the non-Hungarian ethnicities a great deal of autonomy. Bilingualism was also disappearing. Italy was a member of the Entente and participated in the treaty, he wrote in the Peaceless Europe[125] in 1922:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. The key success of fast development was specialisation of each region in fields that they were best. Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. "The Image of the "Maimed Hungary" in 20th Century Cultural Memory and the 21st Century Consequences of an Unresolved Collective Trauma: The Impact of the Treaty of Trianon." Hank, Peter. For Hungarian public opinion, the fact that almost three-fourths of the pre-war kingdom's territory and a significant number of ethnic Hungarians were assigned to neighbouring countries triggered considerable bitterness. Some Slovak demographers (such as Jn Sveto[sk] and Julius Mesaros) dispute the result of every pre-war census. I. Svennilson, Growth and Stagnation in the European Economy (Geneva, 1954). [citation needed]. The treaty's perceived disproportion has had a lasting impact on Hungarian politics and culture, with some commentators even likening it to a "collective pathology" that places Trianon into a much larger narrative of Hungarian victimhood at the hands of foreign powers. This land was redistributed to the newly created states of Romania, Czechoslovakia and what was to become Yugoslavia. The Allies had explicitly committed themselves to the causes of the minority peoples of Austria-Hungary late in World War I. In the end, this particular invitation was not issued. [130][131], Trianon's legacy is similarly implicated in the question of whether to grant extraterritorial ethnic Hungarians citizenship, an important issue in contemporary Hungarian politics. The Krolyi government failed to manage both domestic and military issues and lost popular support. To make the situation even more complex, in the multilingual kingdom there were territories with ethnically mixed populations where people spoke two or even three languages natively. The international financiers hate her because of the violences committed against the Jews. In addition, the structure of its economy collapsed, because it had relied on other parts of the pre-war Kingdom. [144] Further provisions stated that in Hungary, no railway would be built with more than one track, because at that time railways held substantial strategic importance economically and militarily.
The Treaty of Trianon reduced her territory to 91,114 kilometres -- that is, 32.3%. As a result, as many as a third of Hungarian language-speakers found themselves outside the borders of the post-Trianon Hungary. The army of post-Trianon Hungary was to be restricted to 35,000 men and there was to be no conscription. Many former Austro-Hungarian officers re-enlisted for patriotic reasons. [26] Germany, the major ally of Austria-Hungary in World War I, suffered numerous losses during the Hundred Days Offensive between August and November 1918 and was in negotiation of armistice with Allied Powers from beginning of October 1918. Some conditions of the Treaty were similar to those imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. Many Czechoslovak troops, in fact, started working for the Allied Cause, and in September 1918, five Czechoslovak Regiments were formed in the Italian Army. "Hungarian Revisionism in Thought and Action, 19201941: Plans, Expectations, Reality" in Marina Cattaruzza ed., Vrdy, Steven Bla. [citation needed], Hungarian bitterness at Trianon was also a source of regional tension after the Cold War ended in 1989. More concentrated groups were found in Czechoslovakia (parts of southern Slovakia), Yugoslavia (parts of northern Dlvidk), and Romania (parts of Transylvania). The Communists remained bitterly unpopular[50] in the Hungarian countryside, where the authority of that government was often nonexistent. However, it is generally accepted that the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary in this time were the Hungarians. 2,431,273 "others" (mostly Hungarians 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans 563,087 (10.7%)). ("Return everything!"
[129] Such irredentism was one of the main contributing factors to Hungary's decision to enter World War II as an Axis Power; Adolf Hitler had promised to intervene on Hungary's behalf to restore majority-ethnic Hungarian lands lost after Trianon. [123] Most Hungarians regarded the treaty as an insult to the nation's honour. It was not sufficient to cut off from Hungary the populations which were not ethnically Magyar. [citation needed], Representatives of small nations living in the former Austria-Hungary and active in the Congress of Oppressed Nations regarded the treaty of Trianon for being an act of historical righteousness[76][pageneeded] because a better future for their nations was "to be founded and durably assured on the firm basis of world democracy, real and sovereign government by the people, and a universal alliance of the nations vested with the authority of arbitration" while at the same time making a call for putting an end to "the existing unbearable domination of one nation over the other" and making it possible "for nations to organize their relations to each other on the basis of equal rights and free conventions". Considering the size of discrepancies, some demographers are on the opinion that these censuses were somewhat biased in the favour of the respective ruling nation.[92]. [6] 5% of the population of "Hungary proper" were Jews, who were included in speakers of the Hungarian language. web browser that Ironically, the unemployment that impacted Hungary in the interwar years was a primary reason for her association with. [158], 1920 peace treaty on Hungary after World War I, Arrival of the two signatories, gost Benrd and Alfrd Drasche-Lzr, on 4 June 1920 at the, First World War and Austro-Hungarian Armistice, Aster Revolution and the First Hungarian Republic, Fall of the liberal First Hungarian Republic and communist coup d'tat, Distribution of the non-Hungarian and Hungarian populations, Hungarians outside the newly defined borders, Michael Toomey, "History, nationalism and democracy: myth and narrative in Viktor Orbns 'illiberal Hungary'. Although the countries that were the main beneficiaries of the treaty partially noted the issues, the Hungarian delegates tried to draw attention to them. [6] Though the areas that were allocated to neighbouring countries had a majority of non-Hungarians (based on the 1910 census: 54% Romanians in Transylvania, 58% Slovaks in Upper Hungary, 40% Serbo-Croatians in Vojvodina, 54% Ruthenians in Carpathian Ruthenia, 62% Croats in Croatia, 48% Italians in Fiume, 74% Germans in rvidk, 80% Slovenes in Muravidk), in them lived 3.3 million Hungarians 31% who were now in a minority status. It proved to be immensely challenging for the successor states to successfully transform their economies to adapt to the new circumstances. [57] The treaty of peace in final form was submitted to the Hungarians on 6 May and signed by them in Grand Trianon[58] on 4 June 1920, entering into force on 26 July 1921.
Permanent exhibition: A New World Was Born", Wikisource: Hungarian Interests outside Europe, 1914-1918-online. [132] In 2011, Viktor Orbn's newly-formed government liberalized the nationality law by statute. On 13 November, the Romanian army crossed the eastern borders of the, South Slavic lands, which, after the war, were organised into two political formations the, Badescu, Ilie. There, between 2530 May, Romanian forces were required to defend their position against Hungarian attacks. The Royal Romanian Army marched into Budapest on 4 August 1919. During the war, Count Mihly Krolyi led a small but very active pacifist anti-war maverick faction in the Hungarian parliament. [133][134], The Austro-Hungarian Empire was one economic unit with autarkic characteristics[135][136] during its golden age and therefore achieved rapid growth, especially in the early 20th century when GNP grew by 1.76%. [1][2][3][4] French diplomats played the major role in designing the treaty, with a mind to establishing a French-led coalition of the newly formed states. The city of Sopron was given a plebiscite as to whether the city wanted to remain in Hungary, which the population voted for. [85] These reasons are ground for debate about the accuracy of the census. On 20 March 1919, Bla Kun, who had been imprisoned in the Mark Street prison, was released. Some predominantly Hungarian settlements, consisting of more than two million people, were situated in a typically 2050km (1231mi) wide strip along the new borders in foreign territory. This poor great country, which saved both civilization and Christianity, has been treated with a bitterness which nothing can explain except the desire of greed of those surrounding her, and the fact that the weaker people, seeing the stronger overcome, wish and insist that she shall be reduced to impotence. p.37. ", "NATO Seen Favorably Across Member States", "New Hungary citizenship law fuels passport demand", "Slovaks retaliate over Hungarian citizenship law", "Buda Castle, Vrkert Bazr. [117] For example, Hungary attracted international media attention in 1999 for passing the "status law" concerning estimated three-million ethnic Hungarian minorities in neighbouring Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Ukraine. [109], Another reason why the victorious Allies decided to dissolve the Central-European great power, Austria-Hungary, a strong German supporter and fast developing region, was to prevent Germany from acquiring substantial influence in the future.
[114] The underlying reason for the decision was a secret pact between The Entente and Romania. [citation needed], The Kingdom of Hungary was the main supplier of wheat, rye, barley and other various goods in the empire and these comprised a large portion of the empire's exports. This tendency, however, led to uniform economies and competitive economic advantage of long well-established industries and research fields evaporated. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary and according to different estimations 120,500[101][102] or 45,000[103] Hungarians moved to present day Hungarian territory from Czechoslovakia. On 8 November, the Czechoslovak Army crossed the northern borders. The Treaty of Trianon ensured that the new Hungary would have a minimal growth in her economic clout. Hungary lost connection to strategic military and economic infrastructure due to the concentric layout of the railway and road network, which the borders bisected.
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