doi:10.1177/074823379901500111, 18. It should also be mentioned that there are also concerns about their possible ability to display developmental neurotoxicity (25, 118, 119). Li YS, He X, Ma K, Wu YP, Li BX. The EPA has oversight of all pesticides used or produced in the US and sets certain safety standards for pesticides used in food in animal feed. Food sovereignty promotes social, economic, and environmental sustainability, for instance, through the protection of the indigenous population and the production of food for distribution in local markets, and there is an ongoing effort for its recognition as a basic human right (138140, 142, 145). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137632, 63. Moore A, Waring CP. Furthermore, the exposure of experimental animals to atrazine has been associated with reproductive toxicity (109) and delays in sexual maturation (110). J Biol Regul Homeost Agents (2014) 28:2332. doi:10.14452/MR-061-03-2009-07_8, 144. Current agriculture has to deal with important factors, such as population growth, food security, health risks from chemical pesticides, pesticide resistance, degradation of the natural environment, and climate change (149155). Emerging health issues from chronic pesticide exposure: innovative methodologies and effects on molecular cell and tissue level. The Common Agricultural Policy: A partnership between Europe and Farmers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (2011) 61:17284. 75. Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC. Furthermore, the overproduction of food, export-oriented monocultures, the demand for cheap labor, and the other characteristics of industrialization have clearly failed to solve the problems of hunger and malnutrition. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2013.04.006, 163. Front.
Hoppin JA, Umbach DM, London SJ, Henneberger PK, Kullman GJ, Alavanja MCR, et al. Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies. 8. Climate-smart agriculture global research agenda: scientific basis for action.
doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3791-x, 40. This new concept must be based on a drastic reduction in the application of chemical pesticides, and can result in health, environmental, and economic benefits (164) as it is also envisaged in European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (165).
Adv Agron (1999) 67:185. Goulson D. An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides. Precision Agric (2014) 15:42746.
Studies on glyphosate-induced carcinogenicity in mouse skin: a proteomic approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (2008) 177:118. doi:10.1023/A:1021171514148, 131. doi:10.1002/tox.20159, 106. Furthermore, there are other less known applications of these chemical substances, such as in pet shampoos (4), building materials, and boat bottoms in order to eliminate or prevent the presence of unwanted species (6). Cuhra M, Traavik T, Bhn T. Clone- and age-dependent toxicity of a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient in Daphnia magna. This variability includes yield, field, soil, and crop variability but also factors, such as wind damage or flooding. Jaensson A, Scott AP, Moore A, Kylin H, Hkan Olsn K. Effects of a pyrethroid pesticide on endocrine responses to female odours and reproductive behaviour in male parr of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which monitors residues in food, found tested samples very rarely exceeded limits on pesticides and other chemicals, which the EPA says are calculated on reasonable certainty of no harm. Environ Int (2006) 32:2447. Med Pr (2013) 64:71729. Some persistent pesticides have been found to concentrate in the milk and meat of farmed animals through contaminated animal feed, various researchers around the world have found, as well as in fish in contaminated waters. Huang G, Hu R, Pray C, Qiao F, Rozelle S. Biotechnology as an alternative to chemical pesticides: a case study of Bt cotton in China. Neurotoxicology (2015) 51:806.
Tissier J, Grosclaude JY. Liu XM, Shao JZ, Xiang LX, Chen XY. Environ Sci Eur (2012) 24:24. doi:10.1186/2190-4715-24-24, 161. Epidemiology (2006) 17:S103. 154. More emphasis is given to the widely used herbicide glyphosate, which is an organophosphate pesticide very closely related to current agriculture (47). Toxicol Ind Health (2015):110. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1526-4998(200004), 78. Woodburn AT. Olesen JE, Bindi M. Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy.
Chronic illness as a result of low-level exposure to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: a review of the debate. Furthermore, current agriculture has to implement environmentally friendlier practices that pose fewer public health risks. doi:10.3390/ijerph120403633, 99. In a landmark ruling in August last year, Monsanto was found liable for causing a school groundskeepers cancer through exposure to Roundup, the companys leading pesticide. Environ Toxicol (2015). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2013) 268:15777. doi:10.1289/ehp.8741, 45. George J, Prasad S, Mahmood Z, Shukla Y. Clair , Mesnage R, Travert C, Sralini G-. Glyphosate: its effects on humans. Theor Exp Plant Physiol (2013) 25:16781. Patel R. Food sovereignty. Semchuk KM, Love EJ, Lee RG. Environ Health Perspect (2004) 112:111624. A recent study examined the possible relation between glyphosate, genetically modified crops, and health deterioration in the USA. Moreover, a recent study related DDE to hepatic lipid dysfunction in rats (50). Synthetic pyrethroids, such as fenvalerate, permethrin, and sumithrin, are considered to be among the safer insecticides currently available for agricultural and public health purposes (111, 112). However, these safe limits may underestimate the real health risk as in the case of simultaneous exposure to two or more chemical substances, which occurs in real-life conditions and may have synergistic effects (1, 43). Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosates suppression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and amino acid biosynthesis by the gut microbiome: pathways to modern diseases. Toxicology (2013) 307:12. doi:10.1016/0015-6264(68)90080-1, 33. Precision agriculture and sustainability.
doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4072-z, 47. However, there is evidence for their ability to display endocrine-disrupting activity (10, 113115), and to affect reproductive parameters in experimental animals including reproductive behavior (114, 116). Environ Health Perspect (2006) 114:4050. The industrialization of the agricultural sector has increased the chemical burden on natural ecosystems. Chemosphere (2014) 122:22734. Technological systems, such as geographical information systems, global positioning systems, and various sensors, can be useful (130132, 135). doi:10.1002/bdrb.21154, 111. Denison MS, Phelan D, Winter GM, Ziccardi MH. Tiemann U. The long-term effects of organophosphates poisoning as a risk factor of CVDs: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health (2006) 60:25661. Studies have linked long-term health issues, while regulators insist breaches of safe limits are rare. Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: celiac sprue and gluten intolerance. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.03.002, 54. Pesticides in your breakfast cereal. We will also examine the power of the $640bn chemical industry which has a lobby thats currently better funded than the NRA. doi:10.3390/ijms151017806, 107. A 2013 report commissioned by the European Food Safety Authority reviewed 600 research studies on pesticides and found the strongest associations with certain cancers, asthma, childhood leukemia and Parkinsons disease, but couldnt draw any firm conclusions. Int J Occup Environ Health (2002) 8:2734. doi:10.3390/ijerph9020370, 162. Endocrine, immune, and behavioral effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concentrations. Lu D, Wang D, Ni R, Lin Y, Feng C, Xu Q, et al. Hoffman RS, Capel PD, Larson SJ. Aquat Toxicol (2007) 81:19. Pediatrics (2006) 118:23341. Developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides: critical review and future research needs. Goad ER, Goad JT, Atieh BH, Gupta RC. J Appl Ecol (2013) 50:97787. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.039677, 20. Eskenazi B, Harley K, Bradman A, Weltzien E, Jewel NP, Barr DB, et al. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-in-the-modern-world-effects-of-pesticides-exposure/pesticide-and-human-health, 3. European Commission. Available from: http://unctad.org/en/docs/ditcted200715_en.pdf, 156. InTech (2011). Association of in Utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. A glyphosate-based herbicide induces necrosis and apoptosis in mature rat testicular cells in vitro, and testosterone decrease at lower levels. Moreover, a recent study demonstrated that neonicotinoids are able to increase the expression of the enzyme aromatase, which is engaged in breast cancer and also plays an important role during developmental periods (128). Agricultural use of organophosphate pesticides and the risk of non-Hodgkins lymphoma among male farmers (United States). Environ Health Perspect (2002) 110:1258. doi:10.1057/dev.2008.48, 146. Reiler E, Jrs E, Blum J, Huici O, Alvarez Caero MM, Cedergreen N. The influence of tomato processing on residues of organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides and their associated dietary risk. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol (2015) 104:20417. Altern Ther Health Med (2014) 20:911. This current review aims at highlighting the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture involving a drastic reduction in the use of chemical pesticides. Ecotoxicology (2013) 22:25162. Neonicotinoid pesticides severely affect honey bee queens. Eat different kinds of produce to avoid potentially high exposure to a single pesticide. Kolaczinski JH, Curtis CF. Swanson NL, Leu A, Abrahamson J, Wallet B. doi:10.3109/19396368.2014.981886, 118. University of California researchers found, in a 2018 meta-review of OP health studies, compelling evidence that prenatal exposure leads to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and cognitive and behavioral deficits. Pimentel D, Burgess M. Environmental and economic costs of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States. The most widely known organochlorine pesticide is dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, i.e., the insecticide DDT, the uncontrolled use of which raised many environmental and human health issues (2, 48, 49). 24. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Mgmt (2007) 14:298304. New York, Geneva: United Nations (2008). 139. The important health effects, as discussed below, reveal the urgent need for implementing alternative solutions. The Guardian is asking our readers to help us raise $150,000 to increase our coverage of the toxic chemicals in our environment for the rest of 2019. This disruption may affect the supply of human organism with essential amino acids (85). Development (2008) 51:4603.
Glyphosate poisoning. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.155389, 31. A growing number of studies have linked pesticides to various human health effects, though these are still hotly debated. doi:10.1080/03601234.2014.951574, 39.
Eur J Agron (2002) 16:23962. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.050.
Chippenham, GB: ITDG Publishing (2005). A 2004 review co-authored by the National Cancer Institute concluded that epidemiological evidence clearly suggests that at current exposures pesticides adversely affect human health. Current agricultural practices include the wide production and extensive use of chemicals known for their ability to cause negative health effects in humans and wildlife and to degrade the natural environment. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110125, 49. Agr Econ (2003) 29:5567. Agricultural exposure to carbamate pesticides and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma. Environ Int (2012) 45:13550. doi:10.1289/ehp.6789, 70. Can Fam Physician (2007) 53:170411. 165. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.03.003, 87. Li Q, Kobayashi M, Kawada T. Ziram induces apoptosis and necrosis in human immune cells. Watcharaanantapong P, Roberts RK, Lambert DM, Larson JA, Velandia M, English BC, et al. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900785, 50. Glyphosate can display endocrine-disrupting activity (80, 82), affect human erythrocytes in vitro (83), and promote carcinogenicity in mouse skin (84). Toxic effects of pesticide mixtures at a molecular level: their relevance to human health. Pirsaheb M, Limoee M, Namdari F, Khamutian R. Organochlorine pesticides residue in breast milk: a systematic review.
doi:10.3390/e15041416, 77. England: World Health Organization (1990). Pest Manag Sci (2000) 56:299308. Qi S, Wang C, Chen X, Qin Z, Li X, Wang C. Toxicity assessments with Daphnia magna of Guadipyr, a new neonicotinoid insecticide and studies of its effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and chitobiase activities. Environ Health Perspect (2007) 115:98105. p. 23150. 1. doi:10.1164/rccm.200706-821OC, 25. Int J Environ Res Public Health (2012) 9:37090. London, Munich: CAFS, IIED, RCC (2009). doi:10.1080/15376520490434476, 94. However, the reduction in the use of agrochemicals by applying them only when and where they are necessary, the spatiotemporal variability of all the soil and crop factors of a given field must be taken into consideration. Hum Pathol (1993) 24:5716. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1110288. Furthermore, a recent study related more than one pyrethroid metabolite to DNA damages in human sperm, raising concerns about possible negative effects on human reproductive health (117). Copyright: 2016 Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Maipas, Kotampasi, Stamatis and Hens. Precision Agric (2005) 6:723. doi:10.2190/E259-N3AH-TA1Y-H591, 16. Farm workers face significantly higher exposure than the general population. Pandey SP, Mohanty B. It is a ubiquitous chemical substance, and it is believed that every living organism on Earth has a DDT body burden, mainly stored in the fat (48, 50). Its extensive use in genetically modified soybean cultivation has raised concerns about possible synergistic estrogenic effects due to the simultaneous exposure to glyphosate and to the phytoestrogen genistein, which is a common isoflavone present in soybeans and soybean products (80, 81). doi:10.1212/WNL.42.7.1328, 15. Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, which include glyphosate and chlorpyrifos, have been targeted by some researchers as especially harmful. CA Cancer J Clin (2002) 52:3019. Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Satayavivad J. Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. Population-based studies have revealed possible relations between the exposure to organophosphorus pesticides and serious health effects including cardiovascular diseases (62), negative effects on the male reproductive system (63) and on the nervous system (58, 6466), dementia (67), and also a possible increased risk for non-Hodgkins lymphoma (68).
But dont avoid fresh foods if you cant buy organic. Mol Biosyst (2015) 11:291524. Damgaard IN, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Shen H, Schramm KW, et al. Increased risk of dementia in patients with acute organophosphate and carbamate poisioning: a nationwide population-based cohort study.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (2000) 31:11765. 2. 79. Campbell AW. doi:10.1016/S0169-5150(03)00044-6, 160. Lorenzin M. Pesticide residues in Italian ready-meals and dietary intake estimation.
doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.043, 91. Breckenridge CB, Sawhney Coder P, Tisdel MO, Simpkins JW, Yi KD, Foradori CD, et al. *Correspondence: Polyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati, aspis@ath.forthnet.gr, Toxicity of pesticides on health and environment, View all doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.001, 42. Environ Int (2008) 34:16883. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12111, 121. McGill AE, Robinson J. Organochlorine insecticide residues in complete prepared meals: a 12-month survey in S.E. Roundup disrupts male reproductive functions by triggering calcium-mediated cell death in rat testis and Sertoli cells.
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(200001/02)20:1<61:AID-JAT628>3.0.CO;2-3, 103. Therefore, the determination of safe levels of exposure to single pesticides may underestimate the real health effects, ignoring also the chronic exposure to multiple chemical substances. doi:10.1006/rtph.1999.1371, 72. Thakur DS, Khot R, Joshi PP, Pandharipande M, Nagpure K. Glyphosate poisoning with acute pulmonary edema. Med J Islam Repub Iran (2015) 29:228. Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.07.013, 60. Glyphosate: production, pricing and use worldwide. Dona A, Arvanitoyannis IS. Carcinogenic chemicals in your furniture, and contaminated drinking water. Put K, Bollens T, Wckers F, Pekas A. Non-target effects of commonly used plant protection products in roses on the predatory mite Euseius gallicus Kreiter & Tixier (Acari: Phytoseidae). The underlying scientific uncertainty, the exposure of vulnerable groups and the fact that there are numerous possible mixtures reveal the real complex character of the problem (161163). Respiratory diseases and pesticide exposure: a case-control study in Lebanon. doi:10.3967/bes2014.050, 110. As of April, the EPA is under court order to decide whether to ban chlorpyrifos, which the agency found in 2017 to exceed safe standards of pesticide residue in food and water, by July. The decision of the Italian village of Mals near the Austrian and Swiss borders to ban the use of pesticides and produce pesticide-free foods can be considered as a pioneer example across Europe. There is also evidence that DDT and its metabolite p,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) may have endocrine-disrupting potential and carcinogenic action (48). J Peasant Stud (2009) 36:663706. Kettles MK, Browning SR, Prince TS, Horstman SW. Triazine herbicide exposure and breast cancer incidence: an ecologic study of Kentucky counties.
Salameh P, Waked M, Baldi I, Brochard P, Saleh BA. doi:10.1023/A:1011293208949, 69. Goulson D. Ecology: pesticides linked to bird declines. A 20-year study by the US Geological Survey, for example, found pesticides at levels potentially harmful to aquatic life in 60% of the countrys rivers and streams in agricultural areas (that figure jumps to 90% in urban areas).