[11] Political repression and economic decline led to a nationwide popular uprising in October-November 1956 known as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, which was the largest single act of dissent in the history of the Eastern Bloc. $SFK#;]M\#aN4K\ii %PDF-1.6 % The GDP per capita of Hungary, and the Eastern Bloc as a whole, lagged behind that of Western Europe. At the top of Hungarys four-tiered ordinary court system is the Kria, or Supreme Court. As Hungary's new leader, Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on changes to the political system and liberalizing the economy. After the Revolution of 1956 it was reorganized as the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, which survived until the fall of communism in 1989.
[44], 19491989 socialist republic in Central Europe, This article is about Communist-ruled Hungary.
At the elections of May 1949, voters were presented with a single Communist-dominated list, comprising candidates from all parties and running on a common programme. The same six parties were returned to Parliament in 1994, and for the following decade most of them remained represented in the legislature. In December, Dinnys was replaced by the leader of the Smallholders' left wing, the openly pro-Communist Istvn Dobi. [13] Using force, the Red Army set up police organs to persecute the opposition, assuming this would enable the Soviet Union to seize the upcoming elections, together with intense communist propaganda to attempt to legitimize their rule. The constitutionality of the laws is overseen by the Constitutional Court, which began operation in 1990. 132 0 obj <>stream [6] Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4 November 1956 he sent the Red Army into Hungary. i[kN[uc~iw5A7tZzz}Tk""tB! zE9DXq A}K4e.@5ncGkDaju hA Changes to the system of finance and to administrative responsibilities enhanced the powers of the central government agencies and institutions at the expense of local and regional governments, whose purview was limited to providing basic services. Early the following morning, Soviet military units entered Budapest and seized key positions. After the communist takeover in 1948, a Soviet-style political system was introduced, with a leading role for the Communist Party, to which the legislative and executive branches of the government and the legal system were subordinated. Nevertheless, the New Economic Mechanism led to mounting foreign debt, incurred to subsidize unprofitable industries. In October 1989, the MSZMP convened what would be its last congress. The hard-core communists reemerged in 1992 as the Workers Party, while the right-wing Hungarian Justice and Life Party was created in 1993 when it split from the Hungarian Democratic Forum.
[20] At the September 1949 trial, Rajk made a forced confession, claiming that he had been an agent of Mikls Horthy, Leon Trotsky, Josip Broz Tito and Western imperialism. By the early 1980s, it had achieved some lasting economic reforms and limited political liberalization and pursued a foreign policy which encouraged more trade with the West. In 1966, the Central Committee approved the "New Economic Mechanism", which moved away from a strictly planned economy towards a system more reminiscent of the decentralized Yugoslav model. Imre Nagy now went on Radio Kossuth and announced he had taken over the leadership of the Government as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary. When the protesters attempted to free those who had been arrested, the police opened fire on the crowd, provoking rioting throughout the capital. In a speech to the CPH's youth organization in 1981, Kdr said "The forces of capitalism are trying to distract attention from their mounting social problems by stepping up the arms race, but there can be no prospect for mankind other than that of peace and social progress." The Hungarian People's Republic (Hungarian: Magyar Npkztrsasg) was a one-party socialist state from 20 August 1949[5] "u\@ (u]} 9v&?=4} In early 1947, the Soviet Union pressed the leader of the Hungarian Communists, Mtys Rkosi, to take a "line of more pronounced class struggle". The legislative and executive branches of the government were separated, and an independent judicial system was created. Hungary remained committed to a pro-Soviet foreign policy and openly criticized US president Ronald Reagan's deployment of intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe. On 1 January 2012, the 1949 constitution was replaced with the brand new constitution. In accordance with the constitution, parliament Speaker Mtys Szrs was named provisional president pending elections the following year. `.wI{6_\Zbn'xzmm>"*` MUY Parliamentary elections based on universal suffrage for citizens age 18 and over are held every four years. During a 1983 visit to Hungary, Soviet leader Yuri Andropov expressed interest in adopting some of the country's economic reforms in the Soviet Union.
[22] Dubbed the "bald murderer", Rkosi imitated Stalinist political and economic programs, resulting in Hungary experiencing one of the harshest dictatorships in Europe. endstream endobj 114 0 obj <>stream [16] %%EOF After seizing most material assets from German hands, the Soviets tried to control Hungarian political affairs, with some success. On 30 October, Imre Nagy announced that he was freeing Cardinal Jzsef Mindszenty and other political prisoners. HV]6}c6Zi$Y,P(M$VpMwl}9no!9sZPB)b_pS7p~vz(u//6Qx@/V*BK^bbm|&fs"j|c9_oKm*`7?91-Z2K B)bND8QfS^C,v;uAmX`QP1%BX/P?HQ!cP The Hungarian armed forces consist of ground forces, air and air-defense forces, a small navy that patrols the Danube, the border guard, and police. [18] Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy was forced to resign as prime minister in favour of a more pliant Smallholder, Lajos Dinnys. During the Hungarian Uprising, an estimated 20,000 people were killed, nearly all during the Soviet intervention. A core from the so-called Democratic Opposition formed the Association of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) and the national opposition established the Hungarian Democratic Forum (Magyar Demokrata Frum, MDF). In the early post-war period, a contributing factor to this different performance is that many Western European economies benefited from the Marshall Plan[42][43] from the United States, whose economy had expanded rapidly during the war and immediate post-war period. For the 1919 socialist state, see, Articles related to Hungarian People's Republic, Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their, "The Untold History of the United States", Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, Gallery Books 2012, p. 208, citing Gardner, Lloyd C., "Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 19411949", p. 221, and Ann O'Hare McCormick, "Open Moves in the Political War for Europe", New York Times, 2 June 1947, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary, "Az 1990. vi npszmlls elzetes adatai", "Homosexualit communiste 1945-1989 (Crteil)", "Hungary Joins Soviet In Quitting Olympics", "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program", "30 YEARS ON PUBLIC OPINION ON THE REGIME CHANGE IN HUNGARY", Everyday communism on life, books and women in communist Hungary, History of the Revolutionary Workers Movement in Hungary: 19441962, The CWIHP at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars Collection on Hungary in the Cold War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_People%27s_Republic&oldid=1097196604, States and territories disestablished in 1989, States and territories established in 1949, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles with disputed statements from July 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 July 2022, at 08:01. As a result of judicial reform that began in 2012, the administration of Hungarys courts was centralized under the president of the National Judiciary Office (NJO). These measures earned Hungary the moniker of the "merriest barrack in the socialist camp" during the 1960s and 1970s.
Nagy was imprisoned until being executed in 1958. hb```c``e`a`j @Q& MeULZerlwTK -b~; }A@ncl=|i5!2;iF ` ? [citation needed] His government became increasingly unpopular, and when Joseph Stalin died in 1953, Mtys Rkosi was replaced as prime minister by Imre Nagy. [8][9] The HPR remained in existence until 1989, when opposition forces brought the end of communism in Hungary. 0 On 29 October the newspaper welcomed the new government and openly criticised Soviet attempts to influence the political situation in Hungary. After giving up its institutionalized leading role, the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party abolished itself (with the exception of a small splinter group that continues under its old name) and reshaped itself into the Hungarian Socialist Party. He also admitted that he had taken part in a murder plot against Mtys Rkosi and Ern Ger.
Parliament Building on the far side of the Danube River, Budapest. The Communists spent the next year and a half after the Moscow Conference consolidating their hold on power and emasculating the other parties. Dissidents (the so-called "Democratic Opposition", Demokratikus ellenzk[hu]) still remained closely watched by the secret police however, particularly during the anniversaries of the 1956 uprising in 1966, 1976, and 1986. Supplied by arms taken from the VH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising, some in the crowd started shooting back.[26][27]. The change of leadership in the party was reflected in the articles of the government newspaper, Szabad Np (i.e. A Central Committee plenum in February 1989 agreed in principle to give up the MSZMP's monopoly of power, and also characterized the October 1956 revolution as a "popular uprising", in the words of Pozsgay, whose reform movement had been gathering strength as Communist Party membership declined dramatically. 21,600 dissidents were imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 400 executed. [31] Economic activity was governed by Five Year Plans, divided into monthly segments, which are drafted in order to meet plan targets for the period, and made use of methods such as material balance planning similar to other Soviet-type command economies.[32]. [37] Only 60% of Hungarian housing had adequate sanitation by 1984, with only 36% of housing having piped water. Supreme legislative power is granted to the unicameral National Assembly, which elects the president of the republic, the Council of Ministers, the president of the Supreme Court, and the chief prosecutor.
2
Y$
P*.VeWLz"_J|I6)w4spFc]a@)RHx=r0?Mx0 Elected by parliament, the NJO president has extensive power over the court system, including the recruitment and promotion of judges, as well as control of the systems purse strings. He also claimed that the trial of Lszl Rajk had been a "miscarriage of justice". By the summer of 1989, it was clear that the MSZMP was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party. Other government ministers or supporters who were either executed or died in captivity included Pl Malter, Gza Losonczy, Attila Szigethy and Mikls Gimes. Beneath it are the Regional Courts of Appeal, Regional Courts, and District Courts, as well as Administrative and Labour courts. Rkosi grossly mismanaged the economy and the people of Hungary saw living standards fall rapidly. In June, a four-man executive presidency replaced the Politburo. In October 1989 a radical revision of the 1949 constitution, which included some 100 changes, introduced a multiparty parliamentary system of representative democracy, with free elections. Among the extensive changes to the political system introduced by the Fidesz party after its sweeping victory in the 2010 federal elections was a significant reform of Hungarys local government structure. Rkosi's main rival for power was Lszl Rajk, who was then Hungary's Foreign Secretary.
The state considered itself the heir to the Republic of Councils in Hungary, which was formed in 1919 as the first communist state created after the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR). In a historic session, Parliament adopted a package of nearly 100 constitutional amendments that almost completely rewrote the 1949 constitution. Young liberals formed the Federation of Young Democrats (Fidesz). It was governed by the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, which was under the influence of the Soviet Union. [38], While most western European economies essentially began to approach the per capita Gross Domestic Product levels of the United States, Hungary's did not,[39] with its per capita GDPs falling significantly below their comparable western European counterparts:[40], The per capita GDP figures, while the parities are lower, are broadly similar when calculated on PPP basis:[41]. endstream endobj startxref Nationalist movements, such as the Jobbik, only reappeared after a rapid decline in nationalist sentiment following the establishment of the new Republic. After the 2010 election, Fideszs dominance of the political system was effectively unchallenged. Despite its poor resource base and its favorable opportunities to specialize in other forms of production, Hungary developed new heavy industry in order to bolster further domestic growth and produce exports to pay for raw-material import. Parties that receive at least 5 percent of the national aggregate of votes are proportionally allocated seats for list candidates. and "Stalin's best pupil".[25]. d_SF=SA\bA<> ~cdB zcThDb*Vs&B9Fn216g5$yThqe5%8NwBjNRD= )g32ac.VYK"sLk4m0SPJ`|yqMo9~K!D@a)SwYiS 5.FKQUh)/aax8=:G`B6ZYGXe*']^/^{vk |Asknv,"QC`@X0I7'b;fiR [7] Pursuant to the 1944 Moscow Conference, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin had agreed that after the war Hungary was to be included in the Soviet sphere of influence.
