J Anim Sci. The remaining authors received no payment or financial support from Keraplast Research or other external agency. Blood variables were also analysed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA (treatment x time) for significant differences between variables at pre, mid and post-intervention time points. As expected, there was also a highly significant increase in all pulmonary gas exchange and ventilatory parameters as the intensity of exercise increased (F1,12=137, p<0.0001). Fick J: Poultry management in New Zealand: production, manure management and emission estimates for the commercial chicken, Turkey, duck and layer industries within New Zealand. However, during the cleaving of disulfide bonds, such methods also reduce the thiol content of keratin [6]. 2008;7(1). Thus, based on previous literature and the current study, it appears that the provision of exogenous CYS, either as cysteic acid in KER, or as NAC, is not associated with improvements in O2 transport capacity. 1995;125:93340. However, despite inducing an increase in the mean maximal inspiratory pressure during cycling at 85% VO2max, they showed no significant changes in VO2. Google Scholar. These people potentially include older adults, athletes, and persons in the recovery phase of medical intervention or sickness where maximal rates of lean body mass accretion are necessary. There was a main effect of treatment on protein intake, with subjects consuming significantly less protein during all 4 weeks (pooled) of KER (14.1g, 95% CI, 26.7, 1.5, F1,9=6.37, p=0.033, ES=0.5). However, there was a slight, but significantly greater protein intake, from non-supplemental food, during the CAS condition (+2.00.7ml.min.kg1). Briefly, this involved treating keratin in an oxidizing solution at a low pH, and then heating the mixture to oxidize cysteine (CYS) residues in the protein. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on cycling performance after intensified training. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was calculated using VCO2/VO2 and attainment of VO2max was confirmed with RER 1.1. 1. National Health and Medical Research Council. El Boushy A, Van der Poel AF: Handbook of poultry feed from waste: processing and use. Statistical significance was accepted when p0.05, while a tendency was noted when p0.1. Poultry feathers contain ~90% of their total weight as keratin, which gives the material its characteristic light but rigid structure [2]. (forestry MoAa ed. However, this is speculative, because digestibility was not measured in the current study. The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. There is an earlier published report that increasing the sulfur amino acid content (specifically CYS and methionine) above a CAS-based diet, in rodents at least, maximises weight gain [21].
The solution was dried and milled to form a protein powder. Subsequently, VO2 and expired CO2 (VCO2) could be determined and are reported as standard temperature and pressure dry (STPD). Anim Feed Sci Technol.
There was a significant treatment x time interaction for VCO2 (p<0.02), with post-hoc analysis showing greater values following KER compared to CAS, only in stage one of the exercise (+2.00.7ml.min.kg1, 95% CI, 0.2, 3.9, F1,12=5.8, p<0.04, ES=0.1). In accordance with Cohen J [17], effect sizes were classified as small (0.1), medium (0.5) or large (0.8). The second session involved a five-minute warm-up followed by intervals of 1 minute at 85%, 90%, 100% VO2max, 30s at 130% VO2max, then 1 minute at 100%, 90%, and 85% VO2max. Mean cell haemoglobin concentration relative to erythrocyte cell volume. 2012;113:1495504. SS, MB and EC wrote the paper. There were no significant main effects of treatment on RBC (F1,14=0.616, p=0.45), Hb (F1,14=0.645, p=0.44), Hct (F1,14<0.0001, p=0.99), MCV (F1,14=0.716, p=0.41), MCH (F1,14=0.182, p=0.68), MCHC (F1,14=1.02, p=0.33) or WBC (F1,14=1.44, p=0.25) during the supplementation period. At the beginning of each intervention, participants performed a protocol involving submaximal and maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer to measure O2 consumption and exercise performance. To ensure neutrality, the technician operating and providing DEXA results was blinded to the treatments being investigated. Although there was no main effect of either treatment (F1,14=0.879, p=0.36) or time (F1,14=2.83, p=0.12) on whole body LM, a significant treatment x time interaction was evident (F1,14=4.80, p=0.043). The effect sizes (ES) of significant interactions were calculated using Cohens d with the equation Cohens d=(M2 M1)/SDpooled. Zwart A, Van Assendelft O, Bull B, England J, Lewis S, Zijlstra W. Recommendations for reference method for haemoglobinometry in human blood (ICSH standard 1995) and specifications for international haemiglobinocyanide standard. Cookies policy. In addition, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) analysis suggested an improvement in lean to fat mass ratio and increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in the KER-supplemented rats compared to CAS alone. Nevertheless, in relation to the latter, an increase in total thiol availability may somehow enable a faster LM accretion in muscles undergoing chronic contraction (exercise program). The criteria for inclusion were regular participation in endurance cycling exercise, at least three times per week in the 3 months prior to commencement of the study, absence of any contraindications to exercise or other procedures involved in the research, or allergy/objection to the consumption of dairy or animal products. 2006;151:13240. Rats fed a low protein diet supplemented with sulfur amino acids have increased cysteine dioxygenase activity and increased taurine production in hepatocytes.
Further, the protein and energy contents of the supplements were not different between conditions. Grazziotin A, Pimentel F, De Jong E, Brandelli A. Nutritional improvement of feather protein by treatment with microbial keratinase. Following a five-minute active rest period, an incremental ramp protocol was used to determine VO2max. 2010;66:1521. J Clin Pathol. Terms and Conditions, Google Scholar. There were no main effects of treatment on VO2 (F1,13=2.70, p=0.13) or VCO2 (F1,13=0.12, p=0.73) during the four-stage steady-state submaximal exercise or in VO2max (F1,12=1.48, p=0.25) or VCO2max (F1,12=0.73, p=0.411) during the VO2max test. Wolber F, McGrath M, Jackson F, Wylie K, Broomfield A. Cysteic acid in dietary keratin is metabolized to glutathione and liver taurine in a rat model of human digestion. Secondly, soluble KER may provide a more effective alternative to CAS as a protein supplement in those who wish to increase lean body mass in conjunction with an aerobic exercise program. Supplementation was randomized, blinded and balanced, with a minimum eight-week washout period between trials. Participants received 1 weeks worth of supplements at the beginning of each week during the supplementation period and filled out a weekly health/side effects questionnaire to monitor for any adverse effects of supplementation. 2014;46:111423. Cite this article. Their favourable amino acid profile suggests the potential for use as a protein source and ergogenic aid for endurance athletes, following treatment to increase digestibility. Anthropometric (DEXA) and blood measures were made prior to and following each intervention period.
Corn SD, Barstow TJ. The total number of leukocytes (WBC) in whole blood was also measured. Five participants did not fully complete their food diary and were therefore excluded from the dietary analysis. J Appl Physiol. Cycling exercise has previously been shown to increase LM, particularly in the legs, however these observed changes have only been investigated after a prolonged period of training (i.e., twelve weeks [19]. Similarly Slattery et al. 2 edn. Further, Kelly et al. [22] following 8 days supplementation with NAC in untrained individuals. J Negat Results Biomed. Similarly, no benefit of CAS supplementation in participants whose daily protein intake was already >1.1g/kg body weight, was evident here. The four-stage, submaximal exercise test measured O2 consumption (VO2) at four submaximal workloads during cycling exercise. Significant treatment x time effects were found for leg LM (F1,14=15.2, p=0.002) with LM increasing significantly from baseline with KER only (0.45kg, 95% CI, 1,5, 7.4, F1,14=10.3, p=0.006, ES=0.2) while no change was evident for CAS (0.04kg, 95% CI, 2.5, 1.6, F1,14=0.222, p=0.65). However, a significantly greater increase in bone-free lean mass (LM) occurred with KER compared to CAS (0.88kg vs 0.07kg; p<0.05). The novel KER supplement was supplied by Keraplast Research Ltd. (Christchurch, New Zealand). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15, 47 (2018). However, in this small scale, controlled trial, measures were made only at the end of the dietary intervention (i.e., no repeat measures), minimizing the statistical power. A diagram showing the timeline for one intervention is shown in Fig. Slattery KM, Dascombe B, Wallace LK, Bentley DJ, Coutts AJ. Effects of oral N-acetylcysteine on fatigue, critical power, and W in exercising humans. 2014;2:1040. Although significant effort was made to limit variation in exercise training and dietary intake between interventions, these factors could not be completely controlled, which presented a limitation to our results. 2006;126:13544. There were also no main effects of time on RBC (F1,14=2.37, p=0.11), Hb (F1,14=0.683, p=0.51), Hct (F1,14=1.86, p=0.18), MCH (F1,14=0.086, p=0.92), MCHC (F1,14=0.235, p=0.79), MCV (F1,14=0.547, p=0.59) or WBC (F1,14=0.680, p=0.52). Recently, a proprietary controlled hydrolysis process has been developed using poultry feathers, which produces a novel keratin product (KER) with a digestibility of ~83% in vivo, while maintaining a thiol component of ~87%. The gas analyser was calibrated using gases of known concentration (15.01% O2, 5.01% CO2). To ensure training was consistent across trials, training recorded during INT1 was replicated in INT2. Adding 0.8g.kg1d1 with the assumption that the participants would habitually consume about 0.81.0g.kg1d1 of protein provided between 1.62.0g.kg1d1. Because CAS and KER differ in their protein fractions (CAS: 0.91; KER: 0.87), the amount of supplement given in each intervention was calculated as providing the desired protein content, rather than as a certain amount of supplement. Considering the lack of change in erythrocyte parameters, it is unsurprising that KER was not associated with any changes in VO2 or performance during the VO2max test. The supplement was consumed as two protein bars (of two different flavours), and the remainder of the protein requirement in powder form, which was mixed with water to form a drink; the macronutrient contents of the supplements are provided in Table1 and the amino acid profiles are provided in Table 2. There were no main effects on LM to FM ratio for either treatment (F1,14=0.113, p=0.74) or time (F1,14=1.10, p=0.31), nor was there an interaction effect (F1,14=1.82, p=0.15). 2003;10:7687. At the beginning of each study, the weight of each participant was measured using a standard scale (Jadever, Taiwan; accurate to 0.01kg). 1985;14:27590.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:60816. Prior to participation, the participants were notified of all the potential risks and benefits associated with the study, and written and verbal consent were obtained. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. When differences were found, further analysis of body segments, i.e. The power outputs prescribed for each protocol were determined by calculation of various percentages of the participants VO2max, as determined by their initial VO2max test. After an overnight fast, subjects were scanned in a supine position and data on bone free lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM) and body fat percent (BF%) using DEXA software (APEX Software Version 4.5.3) were analysed.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol. During each intervention, participants consumed 0.8g protein per kg bodyweight, per day (g.kg1d1), for 6 days per week, with one non-supplementation day each week. Lab Hematol. The exercise test at the start of the two intervention periods was used to confirm that fitness levels were the same prior to each bout of supplementation and indicated that the washout period had been sufficient. Kelly MK, Wicker RJ, Barstow TJ, Harms CA. A second explanation is that the amino acid profile of soluble KER is more conducive, when superimposed on a habitual diet, to maximize lean body mass. 150, 200, 250, 300W) with expired air being collected into Douglas Bags during the last minute of each stage and analysed for O2 and CO2 concentrations and volume. That LM increased in the KER condition whilst less protein was ingested is contrary to expectations. 1). SS had primary responsibility for the final content.
However, because this finding did not correspond to any of other measures, we are unable to determine whether this change was a true effect of KER or due to a type I or II error, particularly as the result of the small sample size.
Further, there were no significant changes from pre to post-intervention in VO2 (F1,13=0.53, p=0.48), VCO2 (F1.13=0.77, p=0.52) or VCO2max (F1,12=0.006, p=0.94). This study was approved by the University Human Ethics Committee, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The LH500 analyser has previously been validated against other such devices and with the haemoglobincyanide method, which is the reference method recommended by the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology [15, 16]. All authors read and approved the final content. Minute ventilation (VE) and concentrations of O2 and CO2 values were used to calculate the volume of inspired air (VI) using the Haldane transformation, where VE was corrected for barometric pressure, ambient temperature and atmospheric water saturation. As the participants VO2max was approached (as indicated by a change in breathing pattern), expired air was captured in Douglas bags until exhaustion. Following each ANOVA, where significant main effects or interactions were observed, two-tailed paired t-tests with a Fishers Least Significant Difference (Fishers LSD) post-hoc analysis were used to identify the location of the significance. 1996;49:271. J Nutr. Nutrients. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Total body mass and percentage body fat did not change significantly (p>0.05). The expired gas variables taken during the four-stage submaximal protocol and VO2max tests (VO2, VCO2) were analysed using three-way, repeated measures ANOVA to determine the main effects of, and interactions between, treatment (KER vs. CAS), exercise stage (14) and time point during the intervention (beginning vs. end). Clearly, mechanistic data is needed prior to any strong explanation being formed. The pre-intervention blood sample was taken on the first day of supplementation, prior to ingestion of the supplement and the post-intervention sample was taken prior to the post-intervention exercise test (see Fig. Graphs were produced using Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software, CA, USA). Papadopoulos MC. While no change in LM was evident for the trunk and arms, leg LM increased (0.450.54kg; p=0.006) from baseline with KER. Regardless of treatment, there was a significant increase in maximal PO at post- compared to pre-intervention (+12W, 95% CI, 2, 22, F1,14=6.97, p=0.02, ES=0.2). Kelly RJM, Marsh C: Nutritional supplement. In additional to this prescribed exercise, participants completed their own training outside of the laboratory in their own time. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes, Version 1.2. The supplements (KER and CAS) provided to participants did not differ in energy, protein, fat or carbohydrate content (all p>0.05). The authors would like to thank the cyclists from the local cycling and triathlon communities who took part in the study and the Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, who performed the blood and DEXA analyses. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Acute supplementation of N-acetylcysteine does not affect muscle blood flow and oxygenation characteristics during handgrip exercise. However a preceding rodent study [9] comparing CAS and KER supplementation suggested that KER may promote LM gain, although the results did not reach significance. Similarly, there was no main effect of treatment (BF%, F1,14=0.022, p=0.89; FM, F1,14=0.96, p=0.34), and no treatment x time interaction was evident for either measurement (BF%, F1,14=1.47, p=0.25, FM, F1,14=0.182, p=0.68). The blood parameter values for pre, mid and post-supplementation with CAS and KER are presented in Table5. Our hypothesis was based on the major role of erythrocytes in transporting O2 from the pulmonary system to the active muscles, and thus we assumed that any significant change in RBC, Hb or Hct would also lead to improved O2 transport. 2011;175:1219. Springer Nature. These data suggest that KER is not useful as an ergogenic aid for endurance athletes but may be a suitable protein supplement for maximizing increases in lean body mass. There was a trend towards an increase in VO2max post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (F1,12=3.67, p=0.08). Article The procedure yields a protein powder which can be mixed with liquid and ingested as a drink, or formulated into a protein bar [7]. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council; 2017. In all analyses, Mauchlys Test of Sphericity was used, and if aspherity had been detected, the GreenhouseGeiser correction would have been applied. Part of Power output at VO2max, pre- and post-supplementation with CAS and KER. Whole blood samples were analysed by full blood count, using a fully-automated bench-top, five-part differential haematology analyser (LH 500, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). The sample was collected from a vein in the area of the antecubital fossa of either arm using a needle and vacutainer (BD, New Jersey, USA) in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) vacutainers (~4ml), and then immediately transferred to a fridge (~2C) and analysed within 48-h. Post hoc testing indicated that LM significantly increased from baseline during KER (+0.88kg, 95% CI, 1.7, 0.12, F1,14=6.09, p<0.03, ES=0.1); however, there was no significant change in the CAS condition (+0.07kg, 95% CI, 0.61, 0.75, F1,14=0.046, p=0.83). [22] did not measure any differences in VO2max values obtained in a graded cycling test to exhaustion. 1994;26:5863. Further, oral intake of thiol-containing supplements has not significantly improved performance in handgrip [24] or cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) protocols [25]. No main effects of time (F1,14=4.01, p=0.07) or treatment (F1,14=2.14, p=0.17) were found for leg LM. Harber MP, Konopka AR, Undem MK, Hinkley JM, Minchev K, Kaminsky LA, Trappe TA, Trappe S. Aerobic exercise training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and age-dependent adaptations in myofiber function in young and older men. PubMed Following a five-minute warm-up at 100W, participants completed four, seven-minute stages of increasing workload (e.g. Springer Science & Business Media; 2013. Emma M. Crum. Analyses of the supplemented and habitual diets, using self-reported rather than gold-standard weighed records, indicated no difference in total energy intake between conditions. [23] proposed that NAC supplementation (1800mg) could improve VO2 through reducing respiratory muscle fatigue, thereby allowing faster O2 transfer into the blood stream. While KER did result in a significant increase in LM, essentially in the lower limbs, when compared to supplementation with the same amount of CAS, there were no significant differences between treatments in any of the measured blood or cardiorespiratory parameters. To reduce costs of waste disposal, feather meal is commonly used as a component of animal feed [4]. Participants were blinded to the contents of the supplements and only one participant was able to confidently guess which condition they were on. In New Zealand, chickens are widely bred for use in commercial meat production (~82,000,000 birds annually) [3], but their feathers, which represent ~10% of total chicken weight, are indigestible to humans and other monogastrics and are therefore considered a significant biological waste product. Values are means SD. When the supplements were not included, repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there were no significant main effects of treatment on total energy intake from food during both four-week interventions (F1,9=0.137, p=0.14). Medved I, Brown MJ, Bjorksten AR, Murphy KT, Petersen AC, Sostaric S, Gong X, McKenna MJ. 2016;8:104. The average age, mass, percentage body fat and VO2max of the participants were 3411years, 84.213.9kg, 21.54.8% and 60.28.7ml.kg1min1, respectively. Bailey SJ, Winyard PG, Blackwell JR, Vanhatalo A, Lansley KE, DiMenna FJ, Wilkerson DP, Campbell IT, Jones AM. The absence of change in maximal PO in the VO2max in the current study with KER was also observed by Zembron-Lacny et al. (2016) indicated that the consumption of KER has potential benefits other than simply providing a cheap protein source (poultry feathers) [9]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This lack of change occurred irrespective of an increase in protein consumption of 2.140.47g/kg body weight and a significant increase in daily energy consumption. In addition, the oxidation processes involved in many previous methods of keratin extraction result in the production of peptides with strong off-tastes and odours, making the new product unpalatable [7]. [27] demonstrated improvements in repeated sprint performance, but no change in total work or mean PO during a simulated cycling race by highly-trained athletes, following 9 days of NAC supplementation (1200mg.d1). Thus, it appears that thiol-containing supplements are most beneficial if taken in very large doses during exercise, a method which is impractical and disallowed in athletic competition. Data is presented as meanstandard deviation (SD) or mean change and 95% confidence interval (CI) as appropriate. We have previously shown that ingestion of up to 40g per day of soluble KER is safe and palatable when supplementing a balanced diet in humans [8]. Fifteen trained male cyclists, aged 1850years, were recruited from the regional cycle and triathlon communities to participate in this study. The effect of chronic soluble keratin supplementation in physically active individuals on body composition, blood parameters and cycling performance. statement and Korniowicz-Kowalska T, Bohacz J. Biodegradation of keratin waste: theory and practical aspects.
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