While General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna was being held by the Texan Army, he was forcibly coerced to agree to certain terms. Unfortunately, Archduke Ludwig would succumb to Typhoid Fever, passing away in 1896. 7. Failed assassination attempts rang out through Sarajevo's streets as the royal motorcade procession transported the Archduke and several other high ranking sovereigns. Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Czech Center Museum Houston, 4920 San Jacinto Street, Houston, TX, 77004, United States, Find out more about Czech & Slovak Art and our Collection, BUSINESS PARTNERS AND CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP. A second research field to which articles included in this special issue contribute is phantom borders.

Troch, Nationalism and Yugoslavia, 94 and 223. The creation of a patchwork of small nation-states went hand in hand with an internationalization of rivers.17 Sarah Lemmen presents the fascinating case of the Czechoslovak right of access to the sea, an illustrative new example of the problem of combining the ideology of selfdetermination with the need for functional economic structures in newly established states. 3. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Both regions were situated at the edge of the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy and saw state border lines being drawn across their lands in the aftermath of the First World War, with parts of both being included in Romania. The coordinated attacks on the Archduke's life continued and finally proved fatal for him and his wife. One idea eludes to Kaiser Franz Joseph I, the Crown Prince's father, profoundly disapproving of the whole affair. Conceptualising transnational spaces in history., A Bleeding Wound, How Border-drawing Affects Local Communities: A Case Study from the Austrian-Slovene Border in Styria, Loyalitt als geschichtlicher Grundbegriff und Forschungskonzept: Zur Einleitung, Ethnic Boxes: The Unintended Consequences of Habsburg Bureaucratic Classification, Einleitung: Sprachliche, kulturelle und ethnische Zwischenrume als Zugang zu einer transnationalen Geschichte Europas, The Economic Consequences of World War I and the Treaty of Trianon for Hungary, Phantomgrenzen im stlichen Europa. Surprisingly, communists gained more than 30% of the votes in the free elections, an achievement unparalleled elsewhere in interwar Europe. The assassin, 25-year-old Luigi Lucheni, intended the Duke of Orleans to be the target. Hardly relieved when the Germans decide to attack Russia. Historically, this hostile takeover of Ottoman Empire territory is the proverbial "first-shot-fired" in starting the conflicts that would become World War I. An attempted bombing occurred while the Archduke's motorcade was en-route to a Town Hall reception. Protecting one's family at times of incredible duress becomes the most important goal. The leading theory is that the thwarted lovers engaged in a Romeo-Juliet style compact. National Indifference as a Category of Analysis, European Review of History: Revue europenne d'histoire. Common ground was found in the late 1920s, when good bilateral economic relations were given priority, replacing the previous bombastic nationalist rhetoric. Like France, Germany is playing at making alliances and the other rival powers are playing against each other. First, the loss of possible heirs to the throne weakened the monarchical power. The contemporary Zakarpatie province in Ukraine has previously been referred to as Subcarpathia, Carpathian Ruthenia and Carpathian Rus (Magocsi, With their Backs to the Mountains). 9.

Introduction. In, Mller, M.G. The Austro-Hungarians managed to contain some of this, but got involved in the Balkan booty, even occupying Bosnia. Space, which was functioning in the background of most historical analyses, has begun to come to the foreground. One man, in particular, Reverend Josef Arnost Bergman, would become the primary influence for the Czecho-Slovak migration to Texas in 1850. The decisionmakers in Paris were guided by their visions of a just Europe and adhered to the vague and contentious principle of selfdetermination while determining the layout of a European continent with changed state borders.4 Self-determination arose as a theoretical concept in the texts of Lenin and became the motor for political action in the steppe rebellion of 1916. However, Prussia's victory further cemented its power over Germany and the North German Confederation was formed. Fed up with the feudal system and the generational indentured servitude that plagued working-class families, civil unrest was on the rise. While investigating how inhabitants with different national and local allegiances lived in the vicinity of and cooperated with one another, historians have discovered inhabitants who at times happened to have distanced themselves from nationalization.24 In an attempt to conduct historical research on those who would have been deaf to the appeals of nationalism, Tara Zahra proposes the concept of national indifference, pointing to how and why people allied themselves politically, culturally and socially from the ground up.25. The articles in this special issue were proofread by Mark Trafford. He describes how legislation was developed that named and penalized the phenomenon, as well as how local sheriffs implemented these laws differently depending on their background and personalities. The articles in this special issue show how disputes over national identities and ethnic minorities, as well as other factors such as the economic consequences of the new state borders, appeared on the political agenda and coloured the lives of borderland inhabitants.34 By adopting a bottom-up approach, moreover, the articles demonstrate the agency of borderlands and their people in the establishment, functioning, disorganization or ultimate breakdown of some of the newly created interwar nation-states. Zahra, Imagined Non-Communities, 118. Sparked by an ever-increasing desire for democratic freedoms, the Revolutions of 1848 primarily struggled for: General dissatisfaction with the current serfdom oriented governing structure. The article by Dragica Koljanin, Biljana imunovi-Belin and Paulina ovi focuses on multi-ethnic Vojvodina, a border region within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (after 1929 the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The successful assassin, Gavrilo Princip, managed to corner the remaining motorcade vehicles. Three articles included in this special issue deepen our understanding of the influence of the past within the interwar lands formerly belonging to Dualist Hungary. Crown Prince Rudolf and Mary Freiin von Vetsera. Following her son's suicide, Empress Elisabeth existed in a constant mourning state for the remainder of her life. As both are inherently modern, contrary to popular belief, they are not competing or mutually exclusive concepts.29 In the interwar period, for example, authorities throughout Europe saw regionalism as a force capable of buttressing their national policies.30 This was especially true in borderlands where national sovereignty had changed. He gets Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia (allied with Russia), Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany, because of the Triple Alliance, declares war on Russia, hoping that France will declare war on Germany. With his article on trade across Hungarys state border lines, Peter Bencsik, on the other hand, places himself in a new current of research focusing on economic possibilities in interwar Hungary. If they couldn't be together in this life, then they'd be together in the next. As the reality did not correspond to the peaceful Europe articulated in the Paris Treaties, a multitude of (un)foreseen complications followed the drawing of borders and states. Both Stanislav Holubec and Gbor Egry demonstrate that the establishment of the Romanian-Czechoslovak state border line mainly along the Tisza River and mostly respecting the ethnic differences as declared in the last Habsburg census of 1910 caused local trade networks to be cut and increased local dependency on resources flowing in from Prague and Bucharest. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the only sensible option. Mexicans silently decline, but the Americans still find out and declare war on Germany. Fink, Defending the Rights of Others. The newly formed Republic of Austria would be forced to recognize the newly independent states of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. And a few months later, Germany surrenders. Its understandable why Mexico had no intention of honoring a treaty that had been coerced with dishonorable acts of torture. An increased use of the bottom-up approach has also enhanced research on the relationship between nationalism and regionalism. As Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck saw it, the goal was to push Austria out of the loosely constructed German Confederation. 10. Not all highlanders had identified themselves in national terms prior to Polands independence in 1918. The Austro-Prussian War resulted in Austria's occupation of German territory coming to a swift and bloody end. Eine wissenschaftliche Positionierung, Imagined Non-Communities. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Protests, riots, revolutions, political upheaval, the rise of nationalism and democratic freedom, unresolved territorial disputes, famine, and war are all excellent reasons to flee one's homeland in search of refuge away from all the conflicts. Your email address will not be published. What happened to the Austro-Hungarian Empire? Peter Bencsik further explains how the drawing of interwar state borders in Central and Eastern Europe gave rise to new practices that equipped inhabitants with a suitable response to the controlled economies installed during the Second World War. Full autonomy from the Austrian Empire and the opportunity to make its own decisions, politically and economically, would be granted to Hungary, provided they accept one small caveat. A cascade of events led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Though he delivered his speech, Ferdinand and his wife were more concerned about those who were hospitalized. In the process, however, the endeavour failed because of the centralization and politicization of Yugoslav nationhood undertaken by Belgrade authorities during the authoritarian rule that characterized the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.14 State authorities increasingly doubted whether their citizens were willing enough to place their regional identities within the larger idea of Yugoslav ideology. In return, Austro-Hungarians and Germans receive the Bulgarians as an ally of the Ottoman Empire, which was also crumbling. The development drew the attention of many immigrants seeking refuge from the feudalistic governance of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The articles contribute to historical scholarship by offering new insights in three areas: border-making in interwar Europe; phantom borders; and belonging. 25. As Austrian authority is expelled from Germany, a new superpower formed in its place: Austria-Hungary. 8. 34. Following the Mexican-American War and the Revolutions of 1848, economic expansion boomed in Texas. Stanislav Holubec compares the consequences of border-making for local inhabitants in Subcarpathian Rus, pointing in particular to the growth of a local Hungarian, but not Romanian, national party refuting Czechoslovak state sovereignty. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author. During the 19th century, the French geopolitical game was to support nationalism as a way of weakening other European powers and both Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were particularly easy prey to this policy. 2. In the middle of 1918, the situation is untenable for the Ottomans and the empire collapses and withdraws from the war. Analysing data from interwar censuses and elections, Holubec deciphered how local inhabitants reacted to state policies. Using the concept of multiple loyalties allows the author to question the still widely prevalent notion in historiography that interwar Czechoslovakia was a rare treasure of democracy.28 Obsessed with territorial expansion, Czechoslovak authorities were eager to include a region where they expected a majority of the multi-ethnic population to be and remain disloyal. Karch, Nation and Loyalty; OConnell, The Annexation of Eupen-Malmedy; Frandsen, Schleswig, 7997. The special issue shows how disputes over national identities and ethnic minorities, as well as other factors such as the economic consequences of the new state borders, appeared on the interwar political agenda and coloured the lives of borderland inhabitants. The Austro-Hungarian Empire does not have the internal strength to remain a political entity. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a multinational (multi-ethnic) political entity, where power was shared between the Austrian and Hungarian elites. Crown Prince Rudolf's suicide left the Kaiser without an heir, forcing Franz Joseph to pass his Empire on to his younger brother Archduke Karl Ludwig. Once again, Kaiser Franz Joseph I was left without a suitable heir. Richter, Fragmentation in East Central Europe, 234. In the mid-1920s, Czechoslovak political parties attracted one third of voters, mostly Rusyns and to a lesser extent Hungarian and Jewish locals. In the interwar Romanian part of the Banat, on the other hand, the political battle against Hungarians in the early twentieth century inspired borderland political activists to reject an alliance with a political party in Bucharest and to contest Romanian nationalism instead. Kaiser Franz Joseph I became the ruling body over both Austria and Hungary. Sign up with your email address to receive news and updates. Tagged: History, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Texas, United States, Franz Joseph I, Franz Ferdinand, WWI, Revolutions of 1848, Austro-Prussian War, Mexican-American War, Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Elisabeth of Austria, Crown Prince Rudolf. The disagreement centered around a treaty that had been signed. Their sights were set on attaining freedoms they could not hope to achieve in their own countries. Compared to the concept of national indifference, the concept of multiple loyalties offers more flexibility for analysing how people moved back and forth (possibly multiple times) in relation to their notions about their rights and duties towards their nation-state. Both Austria and Hungary would operate under separate Parliaments and Prime Ministers while still being ruled by a single monarch. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. At this time, tensions all over Europe exploded into various conflicts and hostile take-overs of territory, economic resources, and political power. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 sought to re-establish Hungarian authority over its state while simultaneously maintaining a link to the Austrian Empire. Esch and von Hirschhausen, Wahrnehmen, 13. Registered in England & Wales No. 13. This attempt to steal away Texas from Mexico triggered the Mexican-American War. To regain Prussian control over Germany, Bismarck used his political power to force a conflict. While describing the 10 years of negotiations over the inclusion of a clause concerning a Czechoslovak rental property at a German port in the Treaty of Versailles and the operation of the Czechoslovak Free Zone in Hamburg, Lemmen meticulously unravels different understandings of a sovereign territory at the time. The seven articles included in this special issue focus on the policies adopted by national and local authorities with regard to borderlands, as well as the way in which state policies were approved, reinforced or refuted by borderland inhabitants. 24. They failed in regards to what the people desired. As well as offering new insights into historical knowledge about border-making in interwar Europe and phantom borders, this special issue contributes to scholarship on borderland inhabitants feelings of belonging. On the other hand, the newly established practice of cross-border smuggling in interwar Hungary created a phantom border within occupied Hungary and the Hungarian Peoples Republic. It was formed after Austria lost the Austro-Prussian war and barely contained a Hungarian rebellion, after which it gave more importance to the Hungarian elites and a bi-national character at the expense of other nationalities such as Poles, Slovenes, Croats, Bohemians, Romanians, Ukrainians, etc. And we come to the 20th century, and to 1914. The only one who was relatively safe was the British Empire, which was, moreover, supported without penalty by the United States. The German emperor sees this as an opportunity for Germany to emerge as the great winner. The British join together after the invasion of neutral Belgium, and that was Troy. I would like to express my gratitude to the authors in the special issue for their comments on an earlier version of this article, and to Manuel Neubauer for research assistance. In 1866, the Austro-Prussian War came about as a tactic to unify Germany under Prussian rule. The Belgians resist, they blow up their railroad tracks and deny them to the Germans. Sixteen years after the migrations became popular amongst Czech and Slovak people, another conflict arose in Europe. In brief, an empire that was already weakened by internal problems and the emergence of nationalist sentiments is invited to a war that could not be won by an ambitious neighbour and ends up being divided up.

Initially, a pluralistic understanding of Yugoslav nationhood legitimizing the commonalities among its inhabitants through the inclusion of political, regional or religious particularities was pursued. Lets take a look at the state of affairs in the newly annexed Lone Star state. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy: border making and its consequences, Centre for Digital and Contemporary History, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg, Wahrnehmen, Erfahren, Gestalten: Phantomgrenzen und soziale Raumproduktion. Phantom borders are earlier, most commonly political borders or territorial structures that, after they were dissolved, continued to structure the space.19 The concept of phantom borders allows us to look at how, after a switch of state sovereignty, certain structures, discourses or practices from the past can reappear or be reassembled or lost through human activities. The development and functioning of a supranational framework for the protection of rights of national minorities in the newly established nation-states of Central and Eastern Europe is one of the most well researched topics in contemporary historiography,12 and there are numerous studies on schools in borderlands.13 At a time of growing state involvement in the lives of individuals inhabiting the European continent, with nation-state representatives unambiguously defining their incentives in their measures for future citizens, borderland schools often became essential sites of interwar political struggle where nationalists clashed over the meaning of childhood. In this special issue, Patrice M. Dabrowski investigates how Polish state officials tried to establish regionalism among different Carpathian groups. Germany also signs pacts with Russia (if the UK or France attacks Russia or Germany, the other side declares war), but the French also want a pact with Russia. Nearly twenty-two years later, tragedy would befall the Emperor's family. the Brandenburg electorate who bought a distant Polish dukedom on the east coast of the Baltic Sea to proclaim himself king), which wanted to become the engine of German unity, which it achieved by defeating Austria in 1866 and France in 1870. Because the state ideology of Yugoslavism was developed at a moment in time when identities such as being Serbian, Slovenian or Croatian were still contingent and dynamic, it could eventually have generated a hybrid but vernacular Yugoslav identity. Despite that mobilization, the author found that city dwellers formed alliances outside imagined national communities. Borderland Ideologies and Hitler Youth in NS-occupied Slovenia (19411945), Mishkova, D. and B. Trencsnyi . Ondrej Ficeri zooms in on the city known as Kassa when it belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and Koice when it joined Czechoslovakia at the state border with Hungary in the aftermath of the First World War. Appalled that the death penalty was outlawed in Geneva, he pleaded to move his case to another country where it was still active. Originally the assassination wasn't meant for Empress Elisabeth of Austria; she just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. Great famines and food shortages rampaged through several countries in the Austrian Empire, further adding to the civil unrest and discontent with the Aristocracy. With the demise of three multinational empires at the end of the First World War (Russian, Habsburg and Ottoman), as well as the containment of the German Empire, nationalist forces all over Europe claimed the right to a territory for what they considered to be their own people. He concludes that while Czechoslovak authorities attempted to determine the sentiment of local inhabitants, they failed to clarify matters as they underestimated the symbolic legacy of the city for Hungarians, as well as the persistence of cultural and economic ties local inhabitants had developed during imperial times. However, the idea of national selfdetermination could not be translated into homogeneous entities; uncontested nationstates as identities were multifold and not graspable within clear territorial lines of demarcation.

"I am an anarchist by convictionI came to Geneva to kill a sovereign, with the object of giving an example to those who suffer and those who do nothing to improve their social position; it did not matter to me who the sovereign was whom I should killIt was not a woman I struck, but an Empress; it was a crown that I had in view."

Articles include new case studies on the creation, centralization or peripheralization of border regions, such as Subcarpathian Rus, Vojvodina, Banat and the Carpathian Mountains, on border zones such as the Czechoslovakian harbour in Germany, and on cross-border activities. Italy does not feel bound by the Triple Alliance pact because it considers that Austria-Hungary and Germany were the aggressors. Borders are thus approached as complex historically contingent processes, and borderlands as places where different ideas about belonging are negotiated and renegotiated whilst making use of, adapting or ignoring past structures, discourses and practices depending on the situational context.20 Scholars have already demonstrated, for example, that the Habsburg administration supported the strengthening of various nationalisms by installing a mandatory system of classification into strictly defined national groups along linguistic and/or ethnic lines.21 Most of the scholarship, however, has focused on the Western part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, with little attention being paid to the different ethnic policy agenda of the Eastern part. Major border changes (triggered by the demise of the Cold War set-up following the collapse of communism, the Yugoslav wars and the enlargement project of the European Union), as well as the recent strengthening of state borders as a response to asylum seekers and the COVID-19 pandemic, have inspired contemporary historians to readdress or shift their lens of analysis to the physical demarcation lines between states. Austria-Hungary fought against the Russians and Romanians in the East, against Italy in the Alps, against the Serbs in the Balkans, and against their own nationalities raised by the French. Ferdinand's speech was interrupted by distress and the fact that he was still covered in blood from the bombing that left nearly twenty people severely wounded. In his article about contraband activities, Peter Bencsik sketches the profile of an ordinary peasant whose land ended up on two sides of the new state border and who was unable to understand why all of a sudden he needed papers to cross. The same thing happened with the German Empire. state officials deciding which child was entitled to education in a minority school based on the names of his/her ancestors) was exchanged for a procedure based on what a parent declared their childs mother tongue to be.16. In order to cut off U.S. supplies to Britain, the Germans are making one of the biggest mistakes: they are trying to convince Mexicans to declare war on the United States. Whereas the Czechoslovak authorities started out claiming that their sovereignty rights needed to entail a transfer of territory, their German counterparts asserted that a lease of a port zone did not mean that Germany had to give up its sovereign rights over the zone. The Compromise promised a delectable solution for both Austria and Hungary. The most powerful pirate in history was a woman, Chronicles of the past, news of the present. The method of everyday life history serves to unravel how political ideas interact in the lives of non-hegemonic inhabitants.23 Aiming to shed light on the way in which local people appropriated, changed or refuted such ideas in their daily life practices, this literature avoids using a top-down approach and instead explores microstudies from a bottom-up perspective. His titles included Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was formed after the Austro-Prussian War, or the Seven Weeks War, which it lost. Differentiated rule meant that representatives of Dualist Hungary chose to cooperate closely with regional elites, thereby guaranteeing that power within the borderlands would remain largely executed in ways local inhabitants were used to, while at the same time offering elite members from the borderlands access to power in Budapest.

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