Ash Carter, Paul Kolbe, Kevin Ryan, Former Defense Secretary Ash Carter discusses Russia's invasion of Ukraine at IOP Forum

I believe that no one knows what is really happening. Crass as it may sound, the war in Ukraine is, for Americans, more of a media experience than anything else. Because the frequency selectivity of electrical stimulation is limited, the quality of artificial hearing is limited, too. Natural hearing results from vibrations hitting tiny structures called hair cells within the cochlea in the inner ear.

We see some facts, which look quite realistic, followed by numerous very questionable interpretations.

At left, the hair cells [light blue spiral] connect to the cochlear nerve cells [blue filaments and dots]. Its housing must be biocompatible, transparent, and robust enough to last for decades. At a stoplight, you idle under a billboard, and what towers above you is a portrait of your boyfriends face.

They want to think well of their own country.

We appeal to the IEEE to not discriminate against Russian members, engineers, and researchers. So Chronos enabled us to elicit near-natural rates of neural firing, suggesting that we could have both frequency and time resolution. Were still thinking about how to get the viral vector to deliver the necessary genes to the correct neurons in the cochlea. Weve already begun gathering data about the stability of the optogenetically altered cells and whether theyll need repeated injections of the channelrhodopsin genes to stay responsive to light. In the middle and right images, the bony housing of the mouse cochlea surrounds this delicate arrangement.Daniel Keppeler. I appeal to the competent professionals and scientists to reconstitute an entire picture with careful understanding of its parts. In a functioning human ear, sound waves are channeled down the ear canal and set the ear drum in motion, which in turn vibrates tiny bones in the middle ear. The user would have a gene-therapy treatment to make the cells of the cochlear nerve responsive to light, which would trigger precise signals that travel up the nerve to the brain. They serve as the fundamental basis for my logical deductions. President Zelensky announced that a hundred and thirty-seven Ukrainians died that day. The deaf animals responded to this light stimulation just as they had to the auditory stimulus. nearly 737,000 devices had been implanted globally by 2019. I believe the Russian people wish for peace on Earth.

Whatever kind of spitball spin Fox News hosts and J.D. Vance have tried to put on thingsstoking the idea that the White House is angling to send in ground troopsthe Administration has said repeatedly that it wont get involved militarily. For example, my friend told me about her parents in Ukraine.

But the approach seems promising, as it ensures that the optoelectronic components could be safely sealed up and would likely make for an easy insertion of the flexible waveguide array. Some

Ulrich Schwarz and Patrick Ruther, then at the University of Freiburg, started things off by developing the first micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) for optical cochlear implants. And it is perhaps as close as we get to empathy across borders and through the fog of an unfolding war.

A limited number of electrodes (12 are shown here) directly stimulate the cells of the cochlear nerve. There were speeches to catch up on: Putin proclaiming the need to de-Nazify Ukraine, and Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukraines first Jewish president, pleading for peace. Then, people all over the world could begin to hear the light. Pippa Norris, Harvard professor warns of misinformation in Russia-Ukraine conflict I believe that Russian soldiers and captains will never fight for something they do not believe in.

We foresee a future in which beams of light can bring rich soundscapes to people with profound hearing loss or deafness.

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They know what is happening around them, but there is no information about the situation in the country. I try to avoid taking public news seriously and just monitor the obvious facts, such as official positions of the countries' representatives, and declarations of the international companies and organizations. In normal hearing, sound waves travel down the ear canal and vibrate the ear drum and tiny bones in the middle ear. Optical fibers then bring the light into the cochlea and to the light-sensitive neurons. Definitely, the whole picture isnt clear. The conflict was notable for how much the public already knew about it. My patients tell me they want more natural sound, more enjoyment of music, and most of all, better comprehension of speech, particularly in settings with background noisethe so-called Gorbunov: I want you to understand that striving for peace has been cultivated in Russians since our childhoods.

There are many veterans of the Chechen War, in the 1990s, who are among us today. The fiber-optic approach could have efficiency drawbacks, because wed lose some light when it goes from the laser diode to the fiber, when it travels down the fiber, and when it goes from the fiber to the cochlea. Erica Chenoweth & Zoe Marks, Ukraine crisis: Will China have Putins back? Regardless of which sound frequency they encode, the cochlear neurons represent sound intensity by the rate and timing of their electrical signals: The firing rate can reach a few hundred hertz, and the timing can achieve submillisecond precision. We could theoretically have more than five times as many targets spaced throughout the cochlea, perhaps as many as 64 or 128. The other problem with CatCh is that its slow to reset. The viral vector weve used in experiments thus far, an

Human hearing depends on the cochlea, a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear.

It occurred to me that stimulating the cochlear nerve with light instead of electricity could provide much more precise control, because light can be tightly focused even in the cochleas saline environment. How would you characterize that discussion? They are very contradictory, sometimes even within a single agency.

We were proposing a new type of implanted medical device that would be paired with a new type of gene therapy, both of which must meet the highest safety standards. Meghan O'Sullivan, Why peace in Ukraine isnt likely soon

If we used optogenetics to make cochlear nerve cells light sensitive, we could then precisely hit these targets with beams of low-energy light to produce much finer auditory sensations than with the electrical implant. A cochlear implant bypasses the damaged or dysfunctional parts of the ear and uses electrodes to directly stimulate the cochlear nerve, which sends signals to the brain.

This center and many others across the country powerfully remind us about the evils of any war. The implant must be small enough to fit into the limited space of the cochlea, stiff enough for surgical insertion, yet flexible enough to gently follow the cochleas curvature. Are you able to share your own perspective on the situation in Ukraine?

There are stark feats of photojournalism everywhere, and compelling interviews with some of the half a million Ukrainians fleeing their homes. Claus-Peter Richter from Northwestern University, who proposed directly stimulating the auditory nerve with high-energy infrared light, though that concept wasnt confirmed by other laboratories. The laser diode could be safely encapsulated outside the cochlea, which would reduce concerns about heat, while polymer waveguide arrays [left and right images] would curl into the cochlea to deliver the light to the cells.OptoGenTech. But the key part of the surgery will be quite different: Instead of inserting electrodes into the cochlea, surgeons will first administer viral vectors to deliver the genes for the channelrhodopsin to the cochlear nerve cells, and then implant the light emitter into the cochlea. But the truly novel parts of our systemthe optical stimulator and the gene therapy to deliver the channelrhodopsins to the cochleawill require a good amount of scrutiny. Joan Donovan, Cyberattacks against Ukraine have intensified in recent days We do remember how awful and horrible the Second World War was and about its consequences for every nation. Read what Harvard Kennedy School faculty members and other experts are saying about the Russia-Ukraine war. He is also, if the Russians take control of the country, almost certainly a dead man.

Something I must do: Andrey Liscovich PhD 2015 left Silicon Valley to defend his hometown in Ukraine, Are we entering another Cold War? There are parts of that scrolling that feel prurient. Stephen Walt, Watch carefully how China responds to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, says national security analyst Todays cochlear implants are the most successful neuroprosthetic to date. Roman Gorbunov: I dont feel Im informed about the situation in Ukraine.

And its also probably about to get much, much worse for the defiant Ukrainians. The New Yorker may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. For 15 years, my team at the University of Gttingen, in Germany, has been collaborating with colleagues at the University of Freiburg and beyond to reinvent the cochlear implant in a strikingly counterintuitive way: using light. The idea for a better way began back in 2005, when I started hearing about a new technique being pioneered in neuroscience called Have there been any discussions among members of your section with regard to the situation in Ukraine? Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. Lauren Zabierek, The economic consequences of the Ukraine war But that connectivitywar as media experienceis still human connection. optogenetics.

To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories, To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Graham Allison, Russian invasion of Ukraine would have global impact, specialists say Sometime in the early hours of Thursday morning, video clips of Russias invasion of Ukraine started making their way around the Internet. But we still needed to find an ultrafast channelrhodopsin that operated with longer wavelength light. German researchers were among the first to discover light-sensitive proteins in algae that regulated the flow of ions across a cellular membrane. Steve Walt, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Reform, refugees, and the war next door: President Maia Sandu of Moldova, Helping Ukraine win against Russia is a vital NATO interest, Russia is using rape as a weapon of war against Ukraine, OSullivan and Frankel: How the sanctions on Putins Russia are reshaping the world economic order, Blending technology with psychology to engage Russian people on the Ukraine war. To learn more, read our Privacy Policy. Roman Gorbunov is on the engineering faculty of Novosibirsk State Technical University in Siberia and an expert in the dynamics of distributed power systems and power converters. A member of the IEEE Siberia section shares his perceptions of the war in Ukraine. We were pleased to discover that f-Chrimson enables cochlear neurons to respond to red light reliably up to stimulation rates of approximately 200 Hz. This general idea had been taken up earlier by However, it took some extra tricks to get Chronos working in the cochlea: We had to use powerful viral vectors and certain genetic sequences to improve the delivery of Chronos protein to the cell membrane of the cochlear neurons. Belfer Center experts, The case for a punitive tax on Russian oil Many IEEE members in Ukraine are fleeing the violence, while others have had their professional lives upended. Why do so many Russians say they support the war? Anthony Saich, Impacts of Russias war in Ukraine Therefore instead of giving my own perspective Ill provide the facts I truly believe in. cocktail party problem. A Russian soldier or captain would rather sacrifice himself than take an innocent life.

Mariana Budjeryn, Why Ukraine gave up its nukes The case for placing an immediate energy embargo on Russia. I cant imagine that our country can be an aggressor. We think this technology has the potential to illuminate their auditory worlds.

University of Freiburg/Frontiers. The journalist Hussein Kesvani described online response to these first days of the war in Ukraine as memeification, the marvel-isation, the spectacle of an ongoing war rendered as entertainment. Theres nothing inherently wrong with creating heroesCasablanca was made in the midst of the Second World War, an homage to the righteousness of the Allied cause in the face of Fascism.

a hundred and thirty-seven Ukrainians died. A decade ago, it had been a novel realization that an uprising could be documented from the ground up, in painstaking detail, complete with video evidence. Paul Kolbe, Autocracy and patriarchy are surging worldwidebut women are pushing back Life Lessons from Laura Wasser, Divorce Lawyer to the Stars. In fact, these marvels of engineering give people a new kind of electric hearing that they must learn how to use.

I mean, there has to be another explanation of what we see in Ukraine today and why this terrible battle is considered as something inevitable. Gorbunov: At the moment we are not able to comprehend the full scale of the consequences of the new sanctions. 2022 Cond Nast.

calcium translocating channelrhodopsin (CatCh) from the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics lab of Ernst Bamberg, one of the world pioneers of optogenetics. The optical cochlear implant will enable people to pick out voices in a busy meeting and appreciate the subtleties of their favorite songs. On March 7 I visited the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow. The processor translates a sounds pattern of frequencies into a crude stimulation pattern, which is transmitted to an implanted receiver and then to an electrode array that spirals through the cochlea.

The first device was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the 1980s, and Hearing can be partially restored by hearing aids, which essentially provide an amplified version of the sound to the remaining sensory hair cells of the cochlea. Matthew Bunn, Its going to get worse before it gets better in Ukraine While we might feel connected to the struggles in Ukraine through stories of bravery and valor, theyre not the full story.

This Q&A contains views that are at odds with international reporting on the war in Ukraine. As we consider assembling these components into a commercial medical device, we first look for parts of existing cochlear implants that we can adopt.

The Institute reached out to Russian IEEE members to get their views regarding the war, as citizens, engineers, and IEEE members. As our regular readers might know, we sometimes publish opinion articles. For the latest on civilian casualties in Ukraine, see UN Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights. Since optogenetic therapies are just beginning to be tested in clinical trials, theres still some uncertainty about how best to make the technique work in humans. It forces everyone to halt the projects theyre working on and search for alternative solutions. Paul Kolbe & Paula Dobriansky, The West is sleepwalking into war in Ukraine Watching a war in 2022 means digesting packaged bits from a buffet of human suffering.

Currently they are in a bomb shelter near Dnipro. We teamed up with Bamberg to take on the challenge. We see some facts, which look quite realistic, followed by numerous very questionable interpretations.. Another thing was made clear early on: the U.S. would not be intervening. We aim to start clinical trials in 2026 and, if all goes well, we could get regulatory approval for our device at the beginning of the next decade. The ultra-rich are buying them in record numbers. Mariana Budjeryn, Ukraine attack: Putin target may be democracy, near and far

The Government, and especially the Russian President, make enormous efforts to ensure that we do not forget about the tragedies of any war.

Pippa Norris, How to think about the risk of nuclear war, according to 3 experts You do your best not to stare..

The immersive experience of Ukraine coveragethat constant tending to our phones, the endlessly refreshed video feed of action in the countrys streets and bomb sheltersmakes us feel deeply involved in the conflict, even from a position of relative impotence in the West. Everyone is deeply concerned about the catastrophe in Ukraine.

The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. When light, particularly high-energy blue light, shines directly on cells that are typically in the dark of the bodys interior, these cells can be damaged and eventually die off. Even better, we found that it closed within about 1 ms at the warmer temperature of the body. We next trained the gerbils to respond to an auditory stimulus, teaching them to avoid a certain area when they heard a tone. This flexible micro-LED array, fabricated at the University of Freiburg, is wrapped around a glass rod thats 1 millimeter in diameter. phototoxicity. Our roadmap to clinical trials is very ambitious. Sign up for our daily newsletter to receive the best stories from The New Yorker.

Gorbunov: I have a personal view regarding the preconditions, goals, and parties involved in this war, but Im sure that the situation is much more complicated than I can imagine. If thats the case, on Thursday, February 24th, I bore witness on an early car ride to the doctors office. Joseph Nye, What to know about the threat of nuclear war

Yes, there will be worthy endeavors, such as providing weapons, sharing intelligence, and assisting refugees, but our geopolitical might is mostly on hold for fear of conflict with a nuclear power. The Institute collection Stories of the War in Ukraine..

Then, other research groups began experimenting with taking the genes that coded for such proteins and using a harmless viral vector to insert them into neurons. The optical fibers must be biocompatible, durable, and flexible enough to wind through the cochlea, which may be challenging with typical glass fibers. The VW Bus Took the Sixties on the Road. The upshot was that shining a light on these genetically altered neurons could trigger them to open their voltage-gated ion channels and thus fire, or activate, allowing researchers to directly control living animals brains and behaviors. Product suppliers cant guarantee the price nor the availability of electronic parts and equipment in the near future. We found micro-LEDs useful because theyre a very mature commercial technology with good power efficiency. Edward Boyden at MIT, discovered a faster-acting channelrhodopsin that his team called Chronos. To understand why, you first need to understand how natural hearing works. Calder Walton, Russias attack is illegal and a wake-up call to the West A Russian Perspective on the War in Ukraine.

What would be signs protests in Russia are making a difference? My collaborators As an immigrant with Russian and Ukrainian roots, Julia Minson, associate professor of public policy, writes that many Russians, like Americans, dont care about politics or international relations, and they dont question the news they watch.

channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) that opens an ion channel in response to blue light. severalexperiments with microfabricated thin-film micro-LEDs and demonstrated that we could optogenetically stimulate the cochlear nerve in our targeted frequency ranges. But each electrical pulse spreads out and stimulates off-target nerve cells, which results in muddier sound. We were excited when a leader in optogenetics, But weve made great progress over the years. Inside the fluid-filled cochlea, a membrane ripples in response to sound vibrations, and those ripples move bundles of sensory hair cells that project from the surface of that membrane. Gorbunov: Primarily I get information from the Internet news agencies, both Russian and international [https://ria.ru/, https://www.rbc.ru/, https://meduza.io/, and the websites of The New York Times, The Guardian, and CNN]. We feel digitally proximate to the war, thanks to wall-to-wall coverage. The risks of nuclear weapon use in theUkraine crisis Watching a war in 2022 means digesting packaged bits from a buffet of human suffering. Are you confident that you are getting sufficient information about the situation in Ukraine to be well informed about it? Maybe we are bearing witness? When my hearing-impaired patients have their cochlear implants turned on for the first time, they often report that voices sound flat and robotic and that background noises blur together and drown out voices. We hope that the optical cochlear implant will enable them to pick out voices in a busy meeting, appreciate the subtleties of their favorite songs, and take in the full spectrum of soundfrom trilling birdsongs to booming bass notes. All these electrical signals encode the sound, and the signal travels up the nerve to the brain. Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship, US-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, Slavic and Eurasian Studies at Harvard: Library and Archival Resources, https://www.facebook.com/harvardkennedyschool/, https://www.linkedin.com/school/harvard-kennedy-school-of-government/, https://www.youtube.com/user/HarvardKennedySchool, http://instagram.com/harvardkennedyschool/.

We both shrink from and seek out the macabre.

The immersive experience of Ukraine coverage makes us feel deeply involved in the conflict, even from a position of relative impotence in the West. Theres a popular misconception that cochlear implants restore natural hearing.

Gene therapy and optoelectronics could radically upgrade hearing for millions of people. Striving for peace and justice has been in our genes since the Second World War. Through Twitter, you could be swept into portals of essential local reporting, like that of the Kyiv Independent, which reminded me of the way that Id used the app during the Arab Spring. A commercial cochlear implant today has a microphone, processor, and transmitter that are worn on the head, as well as a receiver and electrodes that are implanted.

But we took those doubts as a strong motivation to look for faster channelrhodopsins, and ones that respond to red light. So were developing a new kind of cochlear implant that uses light emitters and genetically altered cells that respond to light. The external transmitter and implanted receiver also could be similar to existing technologies, which will make our regulatory pathway that much easier. Cochlear implants capitalize on this structure, stimulating neurons in the base of the cochlea to create the perception of a high pitch, and so on. Juliette Kayyem, Wide range of possible targets for Russian cyber strikes, from infrastructure to smartphones Although it still required blue light for activation, Chronos was the fastest channelrhodopsin to date, taking about 3.6 milliseconds to close at room temperature. Yes, theres a tangled web of Eurocentrism and racism that makes Americans more outraged at a war in Europe than one in Syria. Although users can have many sessions with technicians to tune and adjust their implants settings to make sounds more pleasant and helpful, theres a limit to what can be achieved with todays technology. In the 2030s, people all over the world could begin to hear the light. The audio processors that work with todays cochlear implants can be adapted to our purpose; well just need to split up the signal into more channels with smaller frequency ranges.

Between historical explanations of Ukraine and Russias relationship, I came across chilling, though thinly sourced, reports that the invading Russian Army would be followed by mobile crematoriums. All rights reserved. HKS Professor Stephen Walt on the crisis and the role the international community played leading up to it.

Stephen Walt, Tony Saich on Sino-Russian relations and how Beijing views the invasion of Ukraine An artist captures the fight for airspace over Kyiv. Copyright 2022 IEEE All rights reserved. We conducted Have the international sanctions begun affecting your IEEE section, or your professional situation? By using precise beams of light instead of electrical current to stimulate the cochlear nerve, we expect our optical cochlear implants to better replicate the full spectral nature of sounds and better mimic natural hearing.

Ad Choices. Jane Lytvynenko, A hurting stalemate? But micro-LEDs have drawbacks. We publish such articles to promote discussion and for the insights they reveal about the plurality of views among IEEE members. first results of our engineering experiments with Chrimson were fast Chrimson (f-Chrimson) and very fast Chrimson (vf-Chrimson). In a future optical cochlear implant, the external hardware could remain the same, though the processor could break up the sound into narrower frequency bands and transmit a more sophisticated stimulation pattern.

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