Create your own unique website with customizable templates. In 1955, the Soviet Union countered NATO with the formation of the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among those nations within its own sphere of influence. The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. 2003-2022 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. (951). (This Amendment was a reaction to FDR's four elected terms, which broke the age-old tradition set by George Washington. an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda. a 1947 law giving the president power to halt major strikes by seeking a court injunction and permitting states to forbid requirements in labor contracts that force workers to join a union. Author who popularized motherhood in his prevailing widely consulting books such as Baby and Child Care, first published in 1946. In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. utilized mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban NY to relieve postwar housing shortage; became symbol of movement to suburbs; conformity of houses; diverse communities; home for lower-middle class families. Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. George Washington set a two-term precedent, but it was only a tradition until this Amendment mad it the law of the land.) (1951). Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world. Rivalry emerged because of different visions of postwar world: US foresaw world where nations shed military alliances and used democratic international bodies as mediators; Soviet Union sought to control areas of strategic influence, Tensions began in 1943 b/c of Allied refusal to open second front w/ French invasion, dispute over governance of Poland unresolved at Tehran Conference, After Roosevelts death in April 1945, new Pres Truman decided US needed to Get Tough w Soviets to honor Yalta accords, Potsdam Conference in July ended with Stalin receiving increased land with new Polish-German border, US refusing to allow German reparations from Allied zones but US recognizing new communist Polish govt under Soviet influence, US had vision of open world policed by major powers; vision troubled by unpopular and corrupt Chinese govt under Chiang Kai-shek (supported by US aid during civil war) who battled communists under Mao Zedong, Because Kai-shek govt sure to collapse, US sought to create new, Pro-West Japan by encouraging industrial development, lift trade restrictions, US no longer sought open world but rather containment of Soviet expansion; new Truman Doctrine sought aid for those forces in Turkey and Greece opposing take-over of Communist forces under Soviet influence, Sec of State George Marshall 1947 plan to provide aid to all European nations (for humanitarian reasons, to rebuild to create markets for US goods, and to strengthen Pro-US govts against communists); 1948 created the Economic Cooperation Administration to channel billions of $ to aid economic revival, US maintained wartime military levels, established Atomic Energy Commission to continue nuclear research, National Security Act of 1947 restructured military by creating Department of Defense to combine all armed services, create National Security Council in White House and Central Intelligence Agency to collect information, Truman merged German Western zones into the West German republic; Stalin responded by blockading Western Berlin, Truman responded w/ airlift to re-supply inhabitants; Federal Republic became govt of west Germany, Democratic Republic of east, To strengthen military position US and Western European naions1949 created North Atlantic Treaty Organization as alliance to protect all members against threat of Soviet invasion (communists 1955 formed similar Warsaw Pact), 1949 saw Soviet Union explode atomic weapon and collapse of Nationalists in China to Maos Communists, To reevaluate foreign policy, National Security Council released report NSC-68 that held US should lead noncommunist world and oppose communist expansion everywhere it existed, also expand US military power dramatically, After end of war Truman attempted to quickly return nation to normal economic conditions, but problems ensued, No economic collapse b/c of increase in spending on consumer goods from savings, Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill) provided education and economic aid to returning soldiers that further increased spending, Problems arose with high inflation, union strikes in the railroad and mining industries, and displacement of some minorities and women because of returning soldiers to labor, After Japan surrender Truman proposed Fair Deal to enact liberal reformsincluded raising minimum wage, enacting Fair Employment Practices Act, expanding Social Security, and creating nation health insurance plan, Fair Deal opposed by Republicans who gained majority in both Houses of Congress in 1946 elections; Republicans sought to reduce govt spending and economic controls, cut taxes for wealthy, refused to raise wages, Republicans wanted to decrease powers unions gained in 1935 Wagner Act by passing 1947 Labor-Management Relations Act of (Taft-Hartley Act)- made closed-shop illegal; limited efforts help those not yet organized (minorities), Truman sought to make re-election about liberal reforms but electorate saw him as weak; Southern Democrats (Dixiecrats)and progressives refused full support, Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey and seemed to be in strong position to win, but intense campaigning by Truman and his platform to reduce inflation and help common man allowed him to win Presidency; Democrats also won both Houses of Congress, New Democrat Congress allowed for minimum wage increase and Social Security expansion, but hostile to Fair Deal programs expanding education aid, national healthcare, and civil rights, Truman did end government hiring discrimination, desegregated armed forces; Supreme Court in Skelley v. Kraemerrules community covenants preventing movement of blacks unenforceable by courts, Nuclear weapons viewed with fear because of threat from Soviet Union (expressed in pop culture,film noir, and govt preparations for nuclear attack), but public also awed by technological potential of nuclear power (Dreams of prosperity and unlimited and cheap electricity), Korea divided at 38thParallel into Communist North and Southern government of capitalist Syngman Rhee (supported by US), Nationalists in North invaded South Korea in 1950 in effort to reunite countries; US won UN resolution calling for support of S. Korea armies (Russia unable to veto b/c boycotting Security Council at time)containment but also liberation, Gen MacArthur (head of UN forces) able to advance far into North, but new communist Chinese govt feared American forces and entered conflict late 1950, UN armies forced to retreat to 38thparallel long stalemate ensued until 1953, a new world war with China; Gen MacArthur publicly opposed the peace effort and was relieved of command by President in 1951, War led to only limited mobilization: Truman created Office of Defense Mobilization to combat rising inflation; govt seized Railroads and steel mills during union strikes, increased govt spending stimulated economy, Inability of US to quickly end small war led to growth of fears of growth of communist at home, Red Scare prompted by fear of Stalin, Communist growth (loss of China, Korean frustrations) many sought to blame US communist conspiracy, Republicans sought to use anticommunist feelings to win support against Democrats; Congress created House of Un-American Activities Committee 1947 to investigate communist subversion, Investigation into former State Dept official Alger Hiss revealed some complicity with communists increased fear of communist infiltrations, Truman began 1947 program to determine loyalty of federal employees; FBI monitored radicals; 1950 Congress passed McCarran Internal Security Act forcing communist groups to register with government, Explosion of atomic bomb by Soviets led to famous Rosenberg trial to find out how Russia had learned of technology so quickly; Rosenbergs executed, HUAC, Rosenberg trial, Loyalty program, Hiss ordeal, McCarran Act all lead to national anticommunist hysteria at national, state, and local level, Wisconsin Sen Joseph McCarthy 1951 began leveling charges of communist agents in State Dept and other agencies; his subcommittee was at the fore of anticommunist hysteria and partisan politics, Korean stalemate and anticommunist sentiments led to Democrats disappointments, Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson (viewed as liberal and weak on Communism); Republicans nominated popular Gen Dwight Eisenhower and VP Richard Nixon (Eisenhower talked of Korean peace, Nixon of communist subversion), Eisenhower won election by huge margin & Republicans gained control of both Houses of Congress. A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment. 1952; restricts immigration to US; people born in Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Isles get US citizenship. Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. This book advised women to stay at home with their children. This congressional Committee investigated Commmunist influence inside and outside the US government after WWII.
In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin. provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. In 1949, the United States, Canada, and ten European nations formed this military mutual-defense pact. The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. documents from a secret joint project between the intelligent agencies of the U.S. and Great Britain to decode Soviet messages to reveal American spies, Presidents are limited to a maximum of two elected terms, and only one if they succeeded an elected President and served for more than two years of that elected President's term. an engineer and his wife who were accused, tried, and executed in the early 1950s for running an espionage ring in New York City that gave atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; long considered unjustly accused to victims of the Red Scare, recent evidence suggests that Julius was indeed a Soviet agent. Meeting of Big Three at Yalta in 1945 led to plan to create United Nations (w/ General Asembly and Security Council w/ permanent members), Disagreement existed over future of Polish govt (independent and democratic vs Communist); US wanted to German reconstruction, Stalin wanted heavy reparations- finally agreed to commission and each Ally given German zone. 1950-1953, Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.