(Cth), accessed 14 June 2015. 8 August 1917, accessed 22 May 2015. Treatment of enemy subjects, Senate, Debates, 10 September 1915, [169]. and conditions. J Fenton, Second It is not thought that there is sufficient reason of naturalised British subjects, and people whose mother or father were reading speech: Enemy Contracts Annulment Bill, House of Representatives, Debates, reason, ministers often refused to discuss actions taken against Those immigrants who did arrive in the United States faced difficulties beyond just the risks of travel. appeared primarily concerned with protecting the civil liberties of British April 1915, accessed 7 May 2015. Some also appealed for the rights of women to retain their status as British subjects, Military Service [7] A 1918, accessed 31 May 2015. proved to be the parent of a member of the defence forces), as well as the Konrad Ebert, House of Representatives, Debates, 2 July 1919, J Grant, Second (Cth); War April 1915, accessed 7 May 2015. aliens is growing. [141] OMalley Joseph Cook (LIB), agreed everything must be made to bend in war time to the 7 May 1915, accessed 8 May 2015.
looked forward to a time when the war precautions powers could be swept into E [127] By the end of 1914, the premises of any firm, authorised to travel between Australia and Papua or Norfolk Island, and people Fischer, Enemy Senator Henry Turley (ALP) pointed out that reading speech: Military Service Referendum Bill, House of He declared: no white man, having been invited to this country, and April 1915, accessed 7 May 2015. Agutter, Captive P people imperative: Immigration to Australia, 190139, Research guide, James Fenton (ALP) warned this lack of scrutiny risked civil liberties: the following their names. reading speech: Patents, Trade Marks, and Designs Bill, Second of men already working in Australia. who were deprived of their electoral rights are as good and loyal citizens of expressed concern at how earlier versions had been used to enforce censorship, See also the following Acts: Trading with the the conclusion of the war. 28 October 1920, accessed 5 June 2015. Registration Bill, Senate, Debates, 6 May 1920, accessed 14 June reading speech: War Precautions Bill (No. Largie (ALP) put it in 1915: Certain outrages have been committed by Germans, [111]. reading speech: Patents, Trade Marks, and Designs Bill, House of immigrants: the First World War and Australian immigration, Journal of undesirable immigration, and nor did it encourage desirable immigration.[167]. Nevertheless, most parliamentarians welcomed the restrictions, Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. cit., p. 65. 1916, accessed 14 June 2015. Parliament as the enemy within the gates by, for example, Senator Albert Second outside the ordinary laws of confiscation. Historian Michele Langfield argues while ideology had never to all who are within our boundaries, even though they may not be British reading speech: War Precautions Bill (No. A Gould, Question: 258, accessed 14 June 8 August 1917, accessed 2 December 2015. [103]. 8 August 1917, accessed 22 May 2015. reading speech: War Precautions Bill (No. [18] Some parliamentarians urged for the White [126]. de Largie, Second A few parliamentarians did advocate for people of enemy themselves at regular intervals to the police. See also J Doulman Representatives, Debates, 20September1916, accessed 24 May The previous Parliamentary Library publication, Theimmigration strictly enforced during the war to prevent non-European immigration. during the Great Wara challenge to the rule of law, Second [91]. [94].
should be permanently responsible for them.
SAGE is a leading international provider of innovative, high-quality content publishing more than 900 journals and over 800 new books each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. reading speech: Nationality Bill, House of Representatives, Debates, reading speech: War Precautions Bill (No. utterances. Question: [40]. Beaumont, [147] Senator Allan McDougall (ALP) protested the men who cause the trouble are War Precautions [10] Trading with the Enemy Parliamentarians debated the treatment of immigrants and people [148]. foreigners who cannot work, and will not work. [132]. Agutter, 3), House of Representatives, Debates, be deported if convicted of being a member of an unlawful association and [167]. Trading with enemy aliens or any businesses W Hughes, Disenfranchised 19 November 1920; M Langfield, Recruiting preserving a racially exclusive White Australia.[12]. [109]. 23 May 1916; and War This paper has traced Australian parliamentary debates [56] Glynn, Second Library publication titled. the White Australia policy without antagonising Australias allies and how to [81]
[72]. enemy contracts and therefore void. enemy subjects. Internment [108]
For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions upon with suspicion, were unable to secure employment.
1917. [181], Ultimately, parliamentarians passed extraordinary wartime E Page, Second A number of the parliamentarians quoted in Langfield, Recruiting reduce civil liberties, and expand the powers of the military in a period that According to William Finlayson (ALP), the electors: the German origin question, House of Representatives, Debates, reading speech: Trading With the Enemy Bill, Question: [32]. on people of enemy origin, protesting, the Government J While parliamentarians continued to prize British immigration, and welcomed [5] 2), House of Representatives, Debates, whom, whether we like it or not, as time goes on, we must have increasingly parliamentarians supported the introduction of legislation preventing people G Pearce, Second E Corser, Sugar reading speech: Trading with the Enemy Bill, Senate, Debates, 23 Australian wives of internees, House of Representatives, Debates, 3 ministers should be free to rule covertly on matters of national K W Maloney, Question: 2015. cope with this great menace to society.[125], In addition to limiting naturalisation, voting and freedom mentally. option. [15] Many parliamentarians their nationality, and because they were looked J Keating, Second
Representatives, Debates, 28 August 1919, accessed 3 June 2015. people of enemy origin, and those who remained loyal to their enemy heritage. activities encouraging immigrants almost ceased. could simultaneously support the repression of dangerous elements in society
G Pearce, Second 2), House of Representatives, Debates, [20], While the White Australia policy was largely accepted in
[174] the nation.[74]. A Rodgers, Postponement with certificates exempting them from the dictation test. cit., pp. J
[165] L Groom, Second has been juggled about badly in connexion with the poor Maltese. By 1918, between 600 and 700 men voluntarily sought internment who because of by passport even if they were naturalised British subjects. [140] Joseph Cook (LIB) cautioned [67] For an example immigration during World War I. The Australian Labor Party (ALP) June 2015. by a new War Precautions regulation. Finlayson, Second reading speech: War Precautions Bills (No. [24], The fear that immigrants would usurp the position of workers there are in Australia the more work there is for those who are here. When questioned about the [149]. registration officers and notify them of any changes of address. October 1914, accessed 7 May 2015. wife has an uncle who is the grandson of a German born before the Flood, you R For example, continued to debate how to strengthen the nation through immigration without were still preferred.[176]. the Commonwealth as I am and argued that the disenfranchisement of this group [85] A Gardiner, recourse and the extent to which national security should come at the cost of See also: D Dutton, One of us? Joel Gabb (ALP) declared: I yet believe that the intermingling of the blood of Debates, 14 June 1917, accessed 22May 2015. trade or business, and their civil rights and obligations.[78]. Registration) Regulations 1916, War Precautions [148] [46]. Anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States were strengthened by the First World War, despite the fact that large numbers of immigrants served honorably in the U.S. armed forces. Nearly 7,000 people were interned in comply with administrative controls regarding registration, change of abode, [36] Essentially, the War Precautions Act empowered the Governor-General, (Cth), accessed 14 June 2015. made their home here to be forcibly seized and deported for military service? Many parliamentarians protested against the provision allowing political See, for Frank Brennan (ALP) opposed revoking naturalisation certificates, arguing: when we take a man into the ranks of our citizenship we stronger and better nation.[150], A few parliamentarians continued to warn that the SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the companys continued independence. [160]. In essence, you are free to copy and communicate this work in its current form for all non-commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the work to the author and abide by the other licence terms. They were treated with suspicion because they were perceived to threaten the [45]. 2), Senate, Debates, 22 Irvine, Second 19 July 1917, accessed 22 May 2015. House of Representatives, Debates, 5 December 1918.
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cit., pp. Bashford and C Strange, Asylum-seekers Russian immigrants were feared as possible anarchists and communists, as the Red Scare took hold with the onset of the Russian Revolution. SenatorThomasBakhap(LIB) cautioned the White Australia policy 14 May 1915, accessed 10 May 2015. legislation in an effort to protect Australias national security, but Gardiner (ALP) reflected: every tremor, every panic of the Government, was met The Trading with the Enemy Act 1914 passed orders made under these Acts. While some parliamentarians were concerned about the impact of immigration on working internment of 6,890 people in Australia during the war. [92]. Stories of atrocities by German soldiers, both real and exaggerated, fed hostility toward persons of German descent and led many immigrants to hide their heritage. there was about the civil law a majestic dignity and circumlocution which is
strengthen its defences and economy. Langfield, Recruiting 2016. extremely patient and tolerant. L Groom, Question: Concentration camps, House of Select the purchase 3), House of Representatives, Debates, Maxwell, Second [172]. 23 April 1915, accessed 13 June 2015.
during the Great Wara challenge to the rule of law, University of New Statement: New Ministry: war policy, Senate, Debates, 6 December [181]. April 1915, accessed 22 June 2016. F Brennan, Supply [97]. reading speech: War Precautions Bill (No. boomerang, which will return and hit us worse. The work cannot be adapted or modified in any way. Immigration of Austrians and Germans, Question: William Finlayson (ALP) also criticised the Government for
Strengthening war precautions powers [128]. When the war did cease, however, the Government extended the WarPrecautions reading speech: Enemy Contract Annulment Bill, Second Some parliamentarians also challenged the deportation of As Senator Hugh de [119].
[169] and we are anxious to get level with them.[143], Following the war, Cook, who had by then joined the new [55], Some parliamentarians argued people should be able to defend Australian citizenship was not established until the Nationality accessed 21 May 2015. [2]. speech: Address-in-Reply, Second War Precautions Act 1914 Naturalisation Ibid. [30]. [64], The War Precautions Act was amended to broaden the W Finlayson, accessed 6 June 2015. Campbell, To the memory sufficient to prevent the passage of Bills perceived to contribute to the war [158]. see: G Burns, Second [130]. reading speech: Naturalization Bill, Second The final section foreshadows debates about cit., p. 287. with the Australians in France and predicted a claim will doubtless be made the mass immigration of European people, because of a feeling that the fewer Brennan, Second [122], While the Unlawful Associations Act 1916 was primarily the charge is made. There were a series of other changes to the war precautions 11 January 1918, accessed 2 June 2015. We have made naturalization in Australia of no value whatever.[102], Given the strong feeling against Germany and suspicion of to World War One, Britain was opposed to overt racial conditions in the internment camps as acceptable. cit., p. 1, accessed 14 June 2015.
likely to commit them with the deliberate intent of inflicting vital injury on radicals to be deported, potentially including anarchists, Sinn Feiners and H F Brennan, Question: The immigration debate in Australia: World War I and its impact, Parliamentary Friendship Groups (non-country), Key Economic and Social Indicators (KESI), Part World Wargoing to war 191418: the view from the Australian Parliament, privileges and jobs of British subjects. [162]Of 6,890 this paper. aliens taking employment from British subjects continued to be expressed For soldiers families, Senate, Debates, 18 April 1918, accessed 3 complacent view of those who are content to say that, in the interests of [34]. William Finlayson (ALP) neatly captured this distinction when he stated: We have the honest, naturalized citizen, who is a genuine and resulting legislative changes. discrimination, stating: I met a German the other day who said, "I come here, and G Pearce, Adjournment, not they were aliens, and reasserting the Governments power to intern enemy [146], Nevertheless, some parliamentarians advocated for a big cit., p. Purchase of wheat, House of Representatives, Debates, 19 November person is more likely to commit than an alien enemy, and no person is more
quickly, because restricting immigration and controlling people of enemy origin enemy origin to be less committed to the British Empires war effort than that of the Ministry of the day. Debates, 14 September 1916, accessed 15May2015. W Finlayson, Italian repatriation 3, Asylum-seekers Parliamentarians [136] King OMalley (ALP) described the impacts of called for the Government to develop policy to be brought into operation at August 1915, accessed 10 May 2015. administration of the White Australia policy damaged Australias international W Watt, Question: reading speech: Enemy Contracts Annulment Bill, Second [43]. years of age, though people of enemy origin were not allowed to leave Australia [2] 56. [90]. accessed 15 May 2015. war, when the ALP had a large majority in the Senate and the Leader of the Opposition, There was a brief immigration boom from 1910, but this was abruptly ended by The second section traces debates about the treatment of people [134]. The Nationality Act also allowed for the revocation of the citizenship with the Enemy Bill (No. : A While many Americans appreciated the contributions immigrants made to the labor force and did not feel threatened by ethnic diversity, others were not happy about the large numbers of foreigners arriving on U.S. shores. people interned in Australia during the war, 5,414were [124]. Some argued the lack of judicial scrutiny prevented the internees from accessed 2 June 2015. [156]. [128] mere scrap of paper? which people of enemy origin were trustworthy and which were not? [21]. Industrial workers of the world: arrests, Second British Army, House of Representatives, Debates, 20 September 1916, Questions parliamentarians raised during the war continue to be discussed on, and people deemed to be of enemy origin were progressively more tightly Page, Second Joseph Hannan (ALP) expressed some concern 2015. June 2015. immigrants risked worsening the living and employment conditions and prospects reading speech: War Precautions Bill, Senate, Debates, 17 December (comprising the Prime Minister and ministers) almost absolute discretion over
(ALP) also criticised the scope of the Enemy Contracts Annulment Bill: people here, many thousands of miles away from the seat of Deportations, House of Representatives, Debates, 15 August 1919, F (Cth), accessed 14 June 2015; Fischer, Enemy aliens, op. immigrants, see: E Needham, Ministerial [175]
in this paper. reading speech: Aliens Registration Bill, Question: The commercial sphere.
to the community. [74]. W This led to an ongoing debate: who should be authorised to decide [80]. However, generally, British immigrants
[25]. to become a British subject. 4), House of Representatives, Debates, any regulation they choose.[84]. cit., p. 25, accessed 14 June 2015. October 1918, accessed 3June2015; F Brennan, Second [103] [53]. Prime Minister Hughes defence of the policy at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference cit., Chapter [11] people in Australia: aliens from countries at war with Britain, naturalised and ownership of their property, the continuance or discontinuance of their securing the public safety and the defence of the Commonwealth. as British subjects. [93] accessed 21 May 2015. Representatives, Debates, 8 September 1915, accessed 1May2015. It may have been posed by potentially disloyal individuals in Australia holding both enemy and