Features of IdentificationFemales lay about 300 creamy white dome-shaped eggs. There is only one queen in the colony and normally lives for 5-10 years.The kings life is much shorter than that of queen and when he dies he is replaced by a new one. Within 6 weeks, larvae develop to form soldiers or workers. Accessed January 2011. They are rarely seen, during the day unless they are disturbed. The body is smooth without conspicuous hairs. Larva of this pest is light pink in color with a purplish tinge. If infestation is more than 10%, whorl application of any one of the recommended insecticides for FAW, Monitoring of FAW using pheromone traps @ 4/acres hould be continued, If infestation is more than 10%, whorl application of.

When fully grown the larva has a prominent reddish-brown head.

Nature of DamageOn hatching, pink borer larvae feed in concealment inside the leaf sheath in groups and feed on the epidermal layer of the leaf sheath preferably on first three leaf sheaths.The larva bore into the central shoot resulting in drying up of growing point and formation of dead heart in young plants. Other common names: maize stalk borer, African stalk borer; mieliestamrusper (A); broca-do-colmo (P). The maize stem borer is indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa where it is found throughout. The alternate hosts arePaddy, wheat, sorghum, sugarcane, oats, barley, bajra, ragi, legumes and some other grasses. Early slashing of maize stubble and laying it out on the ground where the sun's heat destroys the larvae and pupae within can also be utilised. Alternatively, maize can be intercropped with a repellent plant such as silver leaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) and a trap plant, such as Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) as a border crop around this intercrop to protect maize from stemborers. it was first reported from Africa in the 1930s and became established in East Africa in the 1950s. The life cycle is completed in one month. It occurs in low to mid-altitude areas (1230 maltitude and below). Larval period is 7-10 days with 3-4 instars. Enter the field only 48 hours after spraying pesticide.Interval between application of chemical insecticide and harvest of corn should be minimum 30 days. In external appearance the spotted stemborer (Chilo partellus) resembles many other species of Chilo but can be distinguished from them by diagnostic characters of the male and female genitalia, which may require taxonomic expertise. Make into small pellets and apply into whorls of infested plants only.

Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). The host range of the maize stem borer is largely restricted to maize, millet, sorghum and sugarcane.

The larva is creamy pink to yellowish brown with 4 rows of dotted stripes along the back with reddish brown head. The aphid colony may sometimes cover completely the emerging tassels and the surrounding leaves preventing the emergence. The larva contains 6 instars in which the larval period varies from 15-18 days.

Tobacco caterpillar [Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)]Features of IdentificationSpodoptera species are distributed throughout India. The crop should be harvested at theproper time to prevent egg laying by storage pests. Cultural control practices include winter tillage and removal of volunteer plants.

530pp. Under severe infestation, the entire young plant may be consumed.Later on they migrate and feed on the leaves which gives thin papery appearance. Pest attack is both in fields and stores.

The forewings of males were greenish-grey in color which later faded to straw yellow while the hind wings are cream to light yellow with dark brown outer marginal band. In the case of severe attack, leaves including midribs are eaten away and the fields look as if grazed by the cattle. When, Wild hosts include many species of wild grasses such as: elephant grass (, Damage occurs as a series of small holes in lines (pin holes) in younger leaves and/or patches of transparent leaf epidermis (window panes) in older leaves. Natural enemiesPredators: Predatory Coccinellids, Anthocorid bugs, mired bugs, syrphid/hover flies, green lace wings, spiders, wasps, rove beetles. The lifecycle is completed in 4045 days.

15.

Stemborer team, icipe, Larva of Chilo partellus.

The young larvae of FAW feed in and around the whorl leaves by scraping and skeletonizing the upper epidermis leaving a silvery transparent membrane resulting into papery spots. Fully grown larvae attain a length of about 35-40 mm. Pupa is yellow in colour.

Polaszek A. Busseola fusca larvae feed in plant whorls for 10-20 days before they leave and enter the stems.

Source: http://harvestchoice.org/production/biotic/pest_profiles/chilo_partellus. These symptoms are however not common in maize in southern Africa. Stemborer team, icipe, Chilo partellus adult moth, set specimen. The forewing of female moth is grey to reddish brown with a strongly variegated pattern and paler lines along the veins. and fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)]. Insect Science and its Application 4: 3-10.

Under crowded conditions, or when the host plants are under stress, aphids produce winged adults, which mould five times to become adults.

When the rolled leaves of whorl unfurl series of pin holes and papery windows are visible, which is the first symptoms of spotted stem borer attack. Nymphal development is completed in 12-15 days. Pheromone trap specificationsTrapType: Funnel shaped trap or sleeve trap.Parts and dimensions of trap: Trap to have three parts, viz., canopy, funnel shaped trap base and collection device.Canopy: Diameter: 140 mm.Funnel: Top Diameter: 110 mm; bottom opening: 30 mmRing diameter: 112 mm.Collection device: Non collapsible polyethylene bag 0.33 gauge of length 760 mm.Trap material: Virgin plastic (No reprocessed material to be permitted) (Yellow / Green color).

We recognise the support from the National Museums of Kenya, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) - Tanzania and Makerere University, Uganda.

This helps in limiting the initial establishment of stemborers that would infest the next crop. After 7-14 days adults emerge from pupae and come out of the stem.

Nature of DamageThis pest is serious on maize at the time of flowering.

The total life cycle varies from 40-53 days.

Grown-up larvae fell from plants pupate in a small cell in the soil/cobs. Ploughing or discing fields exposes larvae in stubble to predators and drastic temperature changes which may result in a higher mortality rate. The pupa is dark brown in colour.

Wild hosts include many species of wild grasses such as: elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), reeds (Phragmites species) and vossia (Vossia cuspidate). Neem products (powder from ground neem seeds) are reportedly effective and may be applied to the leaf whorl in a 1:1 mixture with dry clay or sawdust. These symptoms result from larval feeding on the upper surface of the leaf, leaving the lower surface intact. Holes in stem caused by larvae tunnelling into the stem can result in broken stemsordrying and eventual death of the growing point of the maize (deadheart). Grind 10 kg of need seed kernels to make powder. The use of genetically modified (GM) Bt maize with insecticidal properties is the most important tool for stem borer control in maize in South Africa. However, its infestations rarely reach damaging proportions.

It is common in maize fields in high-altitude areas in central and southwestern Tanzania and occurs on wild hosts in Mozambique but has not yet been reported on maize in that country. Planting of Napier grass in the boundary as a trap crop. This method has limited effectiveness once the larvae bore into the stem. Conservation of natural enemies such as coccinellids, chrysopids and syrphids that are found to feed on the aphids which will reduce the population considerably without any insecticidal spray. Features of IdentificationTermites are common throughout the tropics and subtropics. Traps should be separated by a minimum distance of 75 feet. Cultivate sweet corn hybrids with husks well covering the ear-tip.

Avoid excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers. Panicle formation is inhibited and the plants die if attack is severe. Features of IdentificationSpotted stem borer (Chilo partellus)is the most important insect pest of during Kharif season causing yield losses in the range of 26-80%in different agro-climatic regions of India. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) aims at management of pests through a combination of techniques such as chemical, biological, new cropping system, modification of cultural practices, use of resistant varieties and through mechanical methods. Timely and uniform sowing over larger area, Follow ridge and furrow planting method instead of flat bed sowing, Apply only the recommended dosage of NPK as basal dose, Seed treatment: Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiamethoxam 19.8% FS @ 6 ml/kg of seed offers protection for 15-20 days of crop growth, Plant 3-4 rows of napier grass/hybrid napieras trap crop around maize fields, Erect bird perches @10/acre to encourage natural FAW predation by birds, Install pheromone traps @ 4/acre soon after sowing and monitor moth catches, Adopt clean cultivation to eliminate possible alternate hosts, Destruction of egg masses and larvae by crushing, Application of sand or soil mixed with lime in 9:1 ratio into whorl of maize plants, First spray should be with 5% neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), If monitoring indicates more than one moth/trap/day install pheromone traps @ 15/acre for mass trapping [, At 5-10% infestation whorl application of. The lifecycle of the maize stem borer is approximately nine weeks long. Hind wings are pale brown with dark external margin. Samples of affected stems can be cut open to find caterpillars and pupae. Are relatively small moths with wing lengths ranging from 7-17 mm and a wingspan of 20-25 mm. Talwana, Makerere University; John R. Mauremootoo, BioNET-INTERNATIONAL Secretariat. Bt maize provided successful control of stem borers in maize until the appearance of resistant populations in 2006. Feeding by younger larvae takes place in leaf whorls. Vegetative stage or before harvest. TNAU. Features of IdentificationHelicoverpa armigera is an emerging pest of maize, especially in sweet corn. When infestation crosses 10%, spray Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @150ml/ha, Collection and destruction of the stubbles, When infestation crosses 10%, spray chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @150ml/ha, Deep plough the fields to expose pupae to sun light and predatory birds (not recommended under conservation agriculture), Add neem cake @ 200kg/acre to the fields when maize is grown with zero tillage or wherever possible. 4. Forewings are olive green to pale brown with a dark brown circular spot in the centre. Xanthopimpla stemmator operates similarly but attacks the pupae. Stubble that remains in fields after harvest is the most important source of stem borer infestation during a subsequent season, since it provides overwintering sites for larvae. A comprehensive account of the natural enemies of cereal stem borers in Africa is given by Polaszek (1998).

Nature of Damage Adult of moth of spotted stem borer prefers 3-5 leaf stage maize for egg laying. It also transmits maize mosaic virus. In all, some 18 species belonging to eight different families of parasitic wasps have been recorded from southern Africa, as listen in Polaszek (1998). The larvae are smooth-skinned and vary in colour from light tan or green to dull grey body with three creamy yellow dorsal and lateral lines. The life cycle is completed in about 5-6 weeks. Ento Park, 9 Industria Street, New Industrial Area, Tzaneen, Limpopo, South Africa 0850, Copyright 2020 Insect ScienceThe Science of Entomology, Mediterranean fruit fly and Natal Fruit Fly.

The spotted stemborer is native to Asia and became established in Africa in the 1950s. Females lay about 150-300 eggs and hatches in about 3 days.

The tunnels are filled with excreta. Biological control by two parasitic wasps, Cotesia flavipes and Xanthopimpla stemmator, that attack the spotted stemborer, has shown good results.

The gravid females lay very tiny, creamy white oval shaped eggs singly in soil. Depending on temperature, eggs take 5-9 days to hatch.

Young caterpillars initially feed in the leaf whorl. Larvae also migrate between plants, especially during the first few days after the eggs hatch and again 2-3 weeks later when they leave the whorl of the plant to bore into the stem. Sprays should always be directed towards whorl and applied either in early hours of the day or in the evening time.

Nature of DamageTermite invasion initiates from dry leaves.

It has dark brown grey lines on the body with lateral white lines, Pupa -Brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris. Eggs are laid in 2-3 layers. After 7-9 days, adults emerge from pupae. Field guide to the stemborer larvae of maize, sorghum and sugarcane in Eastern and Southern Africa. The total lifecycle completes in about 30-35 days which vary according to climatic conditions. Use protective clothing, facemask and gloves during preparation and application of pesticides. Precautions for pesticide use: Not more than two chemical sprays are to be used in entire crop duration. Cleanliness and sanitation is the most important and first step towards prevention of insect infestation. Crop Protection Compendium.

It also feeds on the panicles, and produces honeydew on which sooty molds grow.

Five or more successive generations may develop in favourable conditions. The female moths lay egg masses on upper or under side of the leaf and covered with tan coloured scales.

This website belongs to ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

These habitat management practices are especially suited to small scale farming systems. It is now widespread throughout eastern and southern Africa and may also now occur in western Africa. PAU Campus, Ludhiana, Punjab-141004, INDIA. Larva feeds on silk and developing grains. Pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens Walker. The adult lives for 3-4 days.

The insect can infest crop at maturing stage in the field or while storing. Good crop hygiene through the destruction of maize residues by burning to get rid of the larvae and pupae within the stems, and removal of volunteer crop plants and/or alternative hosts, prevents carry-over populations.

Egg -Bead like laid in rows within the leaf sheath, Adult -Straw coloured moth with white wings, Spray phosaloneb 35%EC at every 20 days interval. Keep the mixture for 24 hours to ferment. Spherical, about 1 mm in diameter, the chorion with radial ridges; initially creamy-white in colour, darkening with age. Kfir R., Overholt W.A., Khan Z.R.

This practice is known as "push-pull". Affected parts of stem may show internally tunnelling caterpillars, Mix any of the following granular insecticides with sand to make up, If granular insecticides are not used, spray any one of the, Carbaryl 50 WP 1 kg/ha on the 20th day of sowing (500 l of spray. Incubation period varies from 4-5 days.

In East Africa, it may be confused with the coastal stemborer (Chilo orichalcociliellus). The adult beetles feed on the pollen and results in poor seed set. Young larva crawls and feeds on tender folded leaves causing typical shot hole symptom.

The larva after hatching, begins to feed on endosperm. When infestation takes place at early plant growth stages, plants may develop dead heart symptoms. The females give birth to apterous forms that moult four times to become adults. Adults live for 4-5 months. Nature of Damage The larvae feed on leaves and also cut the tender stems of young and growing plants either below the surface or above the ground. Seed stored gunny bags should be kept few inches above the ground.

5% NSKE should be sprayed as a thin film on bags before use. Nature of DamageInjury may start at the leaf edge or in the center of the leaf adjacent to the midrib. Nature of DamagePlants are damaged by caterpillars.

Webbing of maize cobs and feeding on the flowers and the grains. Biology and management of economically important lepidopteran cereal stem borers in Africa. Features of IdentificationIt is a sporadic pest distributed all over India but more prevalent in Rajasthan. The spotted stemborer is native to Asia where it is a pest of maize and sorghum. Spraying of emamectin benzoate 5 SG @0.5g/l of water for late instar larvae. The pupal period is about 8 13 days. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: 701-731. Application of NPV solution @ 500 LE/ha orneem formulations@ 5 ml/l ofwater can be done. They mate and lay eggs on maize plants again and continue damaging the crop. Later roots as well as the lower part of the stem are destroyed resulting in lodging. This method has limited effectiveness once the, Overholt W.A, Maes K.V.N and Goebel F.R. Removal of dead decomposing matter in the nearby surroundings. The full grown larva is greasy in appearance, plump and dark brown in colour with red head. Observe traps for number of moths caught twice or once in a week and work out the catch/day.FAW lures should be changed once in 30 days in case of monitoring. Stubble is therefore vital in the carry-over of stem borer populations from one season to another.

There is a zigzag line of pale scales on a dark background in the sub terminal area. The lifecycle takes about 25-30 days. Defoliation is the primary injury to plants, but damage often exceeds the amount of foliage eaten. Features of IdentificationThe adult is tiny weevil about 2.5 mm long, dark brown or reddish brown in colour. Each egg mass contains 50-150 eggs. Stemborer team, icipe. As larvae grow, holes in the leaves become bigger until large numbers of holes appear (illustrated) or leaves take on a ragged appearance.

Cultivated crop hosts include maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice and sugarcane. Spotted Stemborer infestations may be detected by walking through young crops looking for characteristic feeding marks on funnel leaves, the presence of dead hearts and holes in tunnelled stems. Nature of Damage FAW attacks all stages of maize crop from seedling emergence (V2) to ear development (R6). The first indication of damage is the appearance of small windows on the youngest whorl leaves. 3. The major pests and IPM is described here.1.

On damaged grains, a circular hole with a characteristic flap or trap door appears. Hermatic control (complete air tightness) is a simple, cheap and effective method of insect management.

These are spotted stem borer [Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)], pink stem borer [Sesamia inferens Walker], shoot fly [Atherigona spp.] Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin. Add 200 g detergent powder or 200 ml of soap solution to the filtered solution. infests maize from 2 day old seedlings to three weeks after emergence by ovipositing of eggs on the abaxial surface of basal leaves, shoot and in soil very close to base of the plant.Maggots bore into shoot while feeding, gradually killing the growing point leading to withering of central shoot called dead heart, which is formed within two weeks of germination. Forewings are brown-yellowish with darker scale patterns forming longitudinal stripes. Current IPM schedule, infestation threshold for crop growth and spray schedule is given below: Poison baiting is effective for late instar larvae and is optional.

and Polaszek A. The life cycle is completed in 30-32 days. A single maize planting is therefore usually attacked by either the first or the second generation, depending on planting date. Termites [Odontotermes obesus (Rambur)]. Larva -Shows colour variation from greenish to brown. In East and southern Africa, it occurs in mixed populations with other stem borer species such as Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamitis but is the dominant species at higher altitudes of 2000 m above sea level. Dusts, grain, and chaffs should be removed from transport system, storage area as well as threshing yard before using them for new produce after harvest. Damage occurs as a series of small holes in lines (pin holes) in younger leaves and/or patches of transparent leaf epidermis (window panes) in older leaves.

The larvae are dull white to greyish white in colour, with posterior and anterior ends of the body equally broader and feed on humus. When larvae are fully grown, they pupate and remain inside the maize stem. In males, hind wings are a pale straw-colour, and in females, they are white. Yield losses are variable across regions, seasons, plant species and varieties and management regime on farms.

In regions where there is sufficient water and an abundance of host plants, the spotted stemborer can reproduce and develop all year-round.

If young plants are infected they seldom produce ears.

The maize stem borer is a chronic pest that can cause serious damage if it is not controlled. Damage during vegetative stage leads to leaf damage but if damage happens during reproductive stage it may damage tassels or may bore inside the corn ear and eat away the kernels. Caution upon release of egg parasitoids Minimum one week interval should be there between parasitoid release and application of neem or chemical insecticides. Females are bigger than males. The larval period is completed in about 14-28 days. The pupal stage lasts for about 10 days. larva first feeds on the lemma of the flowers scraping the chlorphyll.

The alternate hosts are sorghum, ragi, red gram, cotton, rice and other grasses. Should withstand the Sunlight, rain water and wind for 6 months (To be certified by Central Institute for Plastic Engineering and Technology).Installation: Install within a week of sowing maize, ideally before germination.

was reported to be a serious pest in Spring maize which cause heavy plant loss if sown during third week of February to first week of March. Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The spotted stemborer attacks several grass species, both cultivated and wild.

Preparation of Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) for one acre10 kg of neem seed kernel is required for one acre. Same chemical should not be chosen for second spray. A single female can lay up to 900 eggs under laboratory conditions but the average number laid under field conditions is approximately 200-300.

Eggs are generally laid on lower surface of leaves. All Rights Reserved. 10. A bright-yellow stripe along the length of the dorsal surface is characteristic of S. litura larva.The larvae feed in group when they are young but spread out as larvae grow. Forewings of adult moth contain line of seven to eight blackish spots on the margin and a black comma-shaped marking in the middle underside of each forewing. 2022 ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research | All Rights Reserved. Georg Goergen (source CABI CPC). Application of leaf powder of Guduchi.

The spotted stemborer attacks several grass species, both wild and cultivated (including maize, sorghum, pearl millet and rice).

The tassel, if heavily damaged might become sterile.

Eggs are laid in groups of 20-45 between the leaf sheaths and the stem of the plant. Males lack paired tufts on the basal segment of the abdomen below.

Features of IdentificationPink stem borer is the most important pest during Rabi season (winter) causing yield losses in the range of 25.7-78.9%. The adult female is medium sized, stout straw coloured moth coppery tinged shining scales with brown streaks. Females lay eggs in masses of about 200 to 300 on the underside of leaves and covered with brown scales. Natural enemiesPredators: Coccinellid, spider, robber fly, pentatomid bug, ear wigs.Minor pests of maizeCob borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) ]. Dead heart is caused when the growth point is killed by larval feeding and results in the wilting and drying of whorl leaves. They are active at night and rest on plants and plant debris during the day.

The whorl damage by FAW results in significant yield losses while ear feeding results in both quality and yield reduction.

Cotesia flavipes locates the stemborers while they are feeding inside the plant stems. In male moths, hind wings are pale straw-colour, and in females, they are white. Features of IdentificationChiloloba acuta adults are bright metallic green in colour with prominent eyes and covered with yellow hairs above and beneath .

During early spring after the first rains these diapause larvae change into pupae that give rise to first-generation moths.

Samples of affected stems can be cut open to find caterpillars and pupae. meristem is fed upon, the leaf whorl dries up known as dead heart and the plant usually dies and often gives rise to tillers. Full grown maggot is yellow in colour. Spring maize is cultivated in North-Western plain zone of India in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.

The larva is found in the leaf whorl or at the surface of the soil. Accessed February 8th 2011. Immediately after hatching, larvae migrate to the whorl of the plant where they commence feeding deep inside the tightly folded furl leaves. Total development takes about 2.5 to 3.5 months.Adults live for 45 to 50 days. Forewings have three small black dots on the dorsal side and an intermediate brown strip. to attract natural enemies.

In case of females, the colour of forewing were light brownwhile the hind wings were cream to light yellow with pronounced dark brown bands.

Larvae (caterpillars) eat through leaves when young and as they grow older, eventually bore into the stem causing it to break (lodge) or die resulting in a condition called 'deadheart'. Another species of Busseola, B. phaia Bowden, is becoming a threat to maize in East and southern Africa.

Removing and destroying stubble before planning is an effective practice, killing a large proportion of overwintering stem borer larvae. On the Highveld of South Africa, larval parasitism of B. fusca is generally below 20% and occasionally reaches levels of 40-60%. Careshould be taken to avoid partially decomposed manure. Overholt W.A, Maes K.V.N and Goebel F.R. [Use hand gloves during mixing and application]. Features of Identification Pyrilla adult females lay elongate pale white to slightly bluish eggs in loosely arranged elongated clusters of 20-50 which are covered by white waxy filaments of the caudal tuft.

Grass Hopper (Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus Bol.). Colonies of aphids found in central leaf whorl.

Natural enemiesNymphal Parasitoid: Epiricania melanoleuca. Two applications of NPV at 10 days interval at 1.5 X1012 POB along with, Crude sugar 2.5 kg + cotton seed kernel powder 250 g on the ear heads. Pink larva enters into the stem causing dead heart symptom . Spray any one of the following on the 150th and 210th day (1000 l spray fluid), The maggot feeds on the young growing shoots results in , Use seeds pelleted with insecticides (see sorghum), Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS 10 g/kg of seeds.

Ears and shoots are also infested and seed set may be affected. Are flat and oval (scale-like), creamy-white, about 0.8mm long, laid in overlapping batches of 10-80 eggs on the upper and underside leaf surfaces, mainly near the midribs. Spotted stemborers may be detected in older crops and in crop residues by taking random samples of stems to dissect to find caterpillars and pupae. Hind wings are margined with long hairs, their tips are elongated. Chemical control by means of insecticidal sprays is also effective against stem borer larvae when they are still in the whorls of the plants. Pupation takes place inside the stem. Deep ploughing of infested field to kill the grubs in the soil.

11. In males, forewing contains reniform brown spot, elongate orbicular spot, white fork in the median area, a row of dark brown glass markings along outer margin and a large yellowish or light brown patch on the median area adjacent to inner margin.

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