Sensor-based irrigation control has recently been applied to subirrigation, and may be used to further improve nutrient and water use efficiencies, as well as plant quality, in subirrigation systems. & Nemali, K.S. & Milligan, R.A. 1998 A survey on the planning and adoption of zero runoff subirrigation systems in greenhouse operations HortScience 36 167 173, Uva, W.F.L., Weiler, T.C. 24 July 2011.
123 156 160, U.S. Department of Agriculture 2009 Census of horticultural specialties. In alyssum (Lobularia maritima) and dianthus (Dianthus chinensis), maximum growth occurred at the 100% concentration, but dianthus had the most flowers at a 200% concentration. Imidacloprid (Marathon 60 WP; OHP, Mainland, PA) applied via subirrigation to poinsettias was more effective at controlling silverleaf whiteflies (Bemisia argentifolii) than drench applications (van Iersel et al., 2000). Subirrigation is used in growing field crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and sugar cane in areas with high water tables such as Florida and in commercial greenhouse operations. Another consideration in applying agrochemicals through subirrigation is the substrate moisture level: drier substrate absorbs more solution, and thus agrochemical, than wetter substrates (van Iersel et al., 2000). & Haith, D.A. 1922 Magnesia injury of plants grown in nutrient solutions Bot.
(2004) found that fertilizer solution concentration had no effect on leaf area of subirrigated gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) during the final production stage. This avoids water loss caused by run off or evaporation, Frequent irrigation allows for optimum soil moisture content in the root zone, Great performance in windy and arid locations, If pre-treated wastewater is used for irrigation, the risk of direct contact with crops and laborers is reduced, When saline water is used, salts accumulate at the wetting front, Emitter can be damaged or blocked by root hairs, Bacterial slimes and algae growing on the interior walls of the laterals and emitters combined with clay particles in the water can block the emitters, Suspended organic matter and clay particles can damage the system, A lot of repair work is caused by rodents chewing the tubes. Subsurface drip irrigation systems are highly efficient irrigation systems that apply accurate amounts of water directly to the root zone, preventing water loss through evaporation and other negative effects of surface irrigation. 2001 Interactions between temperature and fertilizer concentration affect growth of subirrigated petunias J. U.S. Dept.
2001a Ebb and flow production of petunias and begonias as affected by fertilizers with different phosphorus content HortScience 36 282 285, James, E.C. 3rd ed. 69 73 83, Aiello, A.S. & Graves, W.R. 1998 Success varies when using subirrigation instead of mist to root softwood cuttings of woody taxa J. Environ. 1943 An installation of large sand-culture beds surmounted by individual air-conditioned greenhouses Plant Physiol. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Nemali, K.S. Lieth (eds.). Gen. Tech. Several measures can be taken to reduce the pathogen load of recirculated water. acephala), kale (B. oleracea var.
University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. Agr., For. & Kang, J.G. 2003 Designing and Testing a Subirrigation System for Rooting Hardwood Cuttings.
Hort. 2000 Postproduction leaching affects the growing medium and respiration of subirrigated poinsettias HortScience 35 250 253, van Iersel, M.W., Chappell, M.R. 1990 Keep an open mind about closed loop Greenhouse Grower 8 53 58, Beeks, S.A. & Evans, M.R. Serv. Expt. The outfitting cost is relatively high. 2001 Growth, nutrient content, and growth medium electrical conductivity of poinsettia irrigated by subirrigation or from overhead J. 25 387 403, Kang, J.G. <, L. in small recipients. Soc. Furrow irrigation is a method of supplying water to crops through shallow, evenly spaced furrows. Purdue Univ.
93 813 819, van Iersel, M.W. Agr Water Mgt. More water loss from evaporation, infiltration, and runoff, Runoff water can be recycled to improve efficiency, Building and taking down levees is labor intensive, Side-inlet flood saves 60% of water compared to cascade, Land usually needs grading to inable uniform water distribution, Method cannot be used with high iron content water because emitters become clogged, Maintenance is required to keep system going, Chewing on tubing from insects and rodents can cause water leaks, Requires fairly uniform and permeable soils, Good for soils with low water retention capacity, Most effective with smooth, level topography, Water with high salt content cant be used, Requires adequate water supply throughout growing season. 107 365 372, James, E.C. Agr., Natl.
With this method, less water is absorbed by the substrate per flooding event. ), Giacomelli, G.A. Sta., New Brunswick, NJ, Biernbaum, J.A. Greenhouse Substrates and Fertilization. 2011 Nursery response of Acacia koa seedlings to container size, irrigation method, and fertilization rate J. & van Iersel, M.W. & Broschat, T.K. 29 229 239, van der Gaag, D.J., Kerssies, A. 16 385 392, El Youssfi, L., Choukr-Allah, R., Santamaria, P. & Montesano, F.F. 4 Dec. 2014.
In a similar comparison, Montesano et al. Oomycetes of the genera Pythium and Phytophthora are particularly problematic, since they produce large numbers of highly mobile aquatic zoospores and seriously affect plant growth and quality (Sanogo and Moorman, 1993; Stanghellini et al., 2000; Thinggaard and Middelboe, 1989).
Fertilization rates can generally be lower for subirrigated plants than for overhead- or drip irrigated plants, resulting in fertilizer savings, and thus an economic benefit for growers. In Missouri, flood irrigation is commonly used in rice fields by cascade or side-let methods.
1999 Horticultural and engineering considerations for the design of integrated greenhouse plant production systems Acta Hort. 61, Henley, R.W., Bednarzik, U. & van Iersel, M.W. (2013). 1999 Fertilizer concentration affects growth and nutrient composition of subirrigated pansies HortScience 34 660 663, van Iersel, M.W. Hort. & Lea-Cox, J. & Reed, D.W. 1996 Nitrogen nutrition of new guinea impatiens Barbados and spathiphyllum Petite in a subirrigation system J. Amer. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Res.
Subirrigation with a standard nutrient solution decreased growth rate and yield of zucchini squash during the springsummer growing season, but not during the summerfall growing season compared with the automated drip system (Rouphael and Colla, 2005). Shoot dry weight, shoot:root ratio, and leaf area increased, while net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration decreased at higher fertilizer solution concentrations, suggesting that the treatment effects were due to shifts in carbon allocation and more efficient production of leaf area at increased fertilization rates. Wooster, OH, Bul. Recirculated fertilizer solution can also be treated using ozone or ultraviolet radiation to eliminate pathogens (Martnez et al., 2010; Runia, 1995; Stewart-Wade, 2011). 33 29 33, Ferrarezi, R.S. to save searches and organize your favorite content. Rev.
Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Potential For The Sequential Production Of Vegetables In The Field With The 'Earth Box' System", Irrigated Acreage in Florida: A Summary through 1998, Efficiencies of Florida Agricultural Irrigation Systems, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subirrigation&oldid=1098241245, Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from April 2018, Articles needing additional references from April 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 14 July 2022, at 22:35. & Testezlaf, R. 2015a Monitoring and controlling ebb-and-flow subirrigation with soil moisture sensors HortScience 50 447 453, Ferrarezi, R.S., van Iersel, M.W.
Southern Nursery Assn. Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, MS Thesis, Thinggaard, K. & Middelboe, A.L.
Agr. ), Biernbaum, J.A. 1993 Transmission and control of Pythium aphanidermatum in an ebb-and-flow subirrigation system Plant Dis. Residues of paclobutrazol and uniconazole in nutrient solutions from ebb and flood irrigation of pot plants, Success varies when using subirrigation instead of mist to root softwood cuttings of woody taxa. 614 161 166, Elliott, G.C. 1999 Inhibiting growth of flowering crops with ancymidol and paclobutrazol in subirrigation water HortScience 34 1103 1105, Million, J.B., Barrett, J.E., Nell, T.A. Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, MS Thesis, Subirrigation vs drip-irrigation: Effects on yield and quality of soilless grown cherry tomato, A low-tech, inexpensive subirrigation system for production of broadleaved species in large containers, Subirrigation for production of native plants in nurseriesConcepts, current knowledge, and implementation, Nutrient-flow wick culture system for potted plant production: System characteristics and plant growth, Influence of sub-versus top-irrigation and surfactants in a recirculating system on disease incidence caused by, Fully automatic subirrigation system for glasshouse and growth chamber use, Plant pathogens in recycled irrigation water in commercial plant nurseries and greenhouses: Their detection and management, Vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation with fertilization of citrus rootstocks grown in container, Irrigation of seedlings of native forest species grown in tubes. Res. Univ. Although drench applications resulted in faster initial uptake of the imidacloprid, subirrigation application resulted in higher leaf concentrations of imidacloprid after 63 d and better long-term control. 2006 The influence of drip irrigation or subirrigation on tomato grown in closed-loop substrate culture with saline water Sci. View all agriculture and environment programs, Continuing Education for Health Professions, Living a Healthy Life with Chronic Conditions, Agricultural Business and Policy Extension, Exceed - Regional Economic and Entrepreneurial Development, Mid-America Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, Missouri Small Business Development Centers, Missouri Procurement Technical Assistance Centers, Veterinary Extension and Continuing Education, Missouri Council for Activity and Nutrition, equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer, 2 to 3 acre-inches of irrigation water can be applied at once to recharge depleted moisture in the root zone, Land needs to be graded to assure uniform distribution of irrigation water, Initial capital investment, other than land grading, is relatively low, Furrow irrigation is not efficient on sandy soils; water soaks in before it reaches end of field, Water can be used even if it contains a moderate amount of colloidal material, Difficult to apply small amounts (< 1 acre-inch) of irrigation water, Water is not applied directly to plants, which reduces scalding of crop foliage, In some soils, lateral spread of water across beds is not adequate to provide full irrigation, Efficient on medium- and coarse-textured soils, Deep ruts can form on clay soils from center pivot tires, Water can be applied at low rates (< 0.1 acre-inches), Frequent applications may be needed to recharge soil depleted by crop, Fertigation and chemigation can be used for plant nutrition or pest control by injecting chemicals into the irrigation water, Sprinkler nozzles can clog with poor quality water, Center pivot systems can be programmed to start and stop at specified angles or time, Low initial investment for equipment is required, Least efficient form of irrigation. 2007 Influence of the level of fertilization of the matrix plants in the formation of seedlings of coffee plants in hydroponic systems Cincia e Agrotecnologia 31 1043 1047, Lea-Cox, J.D. 481 475 482, Green, W.J. The incidence and spread of foliar disease is reduced because the leaves are not wetted during irrigation (Rouphael et al., 2006; Zheng et al., 2004). Serv., Washington, DC, Uva, W.F.L., Weiler, T.C. HortScience 45 1848 1853, Argo, W.R. & Biernbaum, J.A.
U.S. Dept. 2009 Managing fertilization of bedding plants: A comparison of constant fertilizer concentrations versus constant leachate electrical conductivity HortScience 44 151 156, Kang, J.G., van Iersel, M.W. Plant Nutr. 1937 HydroponicsCrop production in liquid culture media Science 85 177 (abstr. 124 338 344, Morvant, J.K., Dole, J.M. & Testezlaf, R. 2014 Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia production Horticultura Brasileira 32 314 320, Ferrarezi, R.S., van Iersel, M.W. Rpt. Proc. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Irrigation method and fertilizer concentration differentially alter growth of vegetable transplants, as affected by fertilizer rate and substrate, Effect of drip or subirrigation on growth and yield of, Introduction to hydroponics plant cultivation. (2012) found that recirculating fertilizer solution from subirrigation systems, on average, did not meet recommended standards for horticultural water quality, and that microbial counts were exceptionally high. 4 Dec. 2014. & Testezlaf, R. 2015b Plant growth response of subirrigated salvia Vista Red to increasing water heights at two substrates Horticultura Brasileira (In press), Ferrarezi, R.S., Dove, S.K. Gaz.
1974 Fully automatic subirrigation system for glasshouse and growth chamber use Crop Sci. 2011 Plant pathogens in recycled irrigation water in commercial plant nurseries and greenhouses: Their detection and management Irrig. & Ross, D.S. 2011 Early field performance of Acacia koa seedlings grown under subirrigation and overhead irrigation Native Plants J. 2006 Subirrigation reduces water use, nitrogen loss, and moss growth in a container nursery Native Plants J. & McAvoy, R.J. 2011 Water and nutrient uptake and use efficiency with partial saturation ebb and flow watering HortScience 46 791 798, Gericke, W.F. Res. Sci. 479.394/2006-7 and 479.665/2009-5) and the State of So Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (award no. 2006 Introduction to hydroponics plant cultivation. 2010 Environmentally sound plant production by means of soilless cultivation Comunicata Scientiae 1 1 8, Rouphael, Y.
12 81 93, Son, J., Oh, M.M., Lu, Y., Kim, K. & Giacomelli, G. 2006 Nutrient-flow wick culture system for potted plant production: System characteristics and plant growth Sci. 2011 Use of capillary irrigation growing Citrus limonia L. in small recipients. However, residual concentrations of PGRs in fertilizer solutions, such as paclobutrazol and uniconazole, were shown to be very low after application via subirrigation (Adriansen and Odgaard, 1997; Million et al., 1999). Hort. 6th ed. Hort. 19 226 229, Lieth, J.H. Help improve lives, communities and economies throughout the state. & Leite, F.P. 1990 Get ready for subirrigation Greenhouse Grower 8 130 133, Bouchaaba, Z., Santamaria, P., Choukr-Allah, R., Lamaddalena, N. & Montesano, F.F.
Recycling and reuse of unused fertilizer solution prevents the unwanted release of nutrient-rich runoff into the environment, which helps growersmeet environmental regulations.
Sprinkler irrigation is the application of water under pressure to plants as a spray through nozzles.
Growth decreased when subirrigation fertilizer concentrations exceeded an optimum concentration in subirrigated poinsettia [Euphorbia pulcherrima (Dole et al., 1994)], new guinea impatiens [Impatiens hawkeri (Kent and Reed, 1996)], wax begonia (Nemali and van Iersel, 2004a, 2004b), petunia [Petunia hybrida (James and van Iersel, 2001b)], miniature rose [Rosa chinensis minima (Zheng et al., 2010); collards (Brassica oleracea var. 27 405 407, Kang, J.G. 1931 A large sand culture apparatus Soil Sci. Maximum zinnia (Zinnia elegans) and celosia (Celosia argentea) dry weights were observed at a 50% strength solution, and dry weights, as well as zinnia flower diameter, decreased at higher concentrations. Hort. Expt.
& Hoitink, H.A.J. & Biebel, J.P. 1937 Nutrient solution methods of greenhouse crop production.
1996 The effect of lime, irrigation-water source, and water-soluble fertilizer on root-zone pH, electrical conductivity, and macronutrient management of container root media with impatiens J. Amer. 938 383 390, Elia, A., Parente, A., Serio, F. & Santamaria, P. 2003 Some aspects of trough benches system and its performances in cherry tomato production Acta Hort. & van Sambeek, J.W. Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, PhD Diss, Ferrarezi, R.S. Resource Econ. 1936 Automatically operated sand-culture equipment J. Agr. 2007 Comparisons of water content of growing media and growth of potted kalanchoe among nutrient-flow wick culture and other irrigation systems HortTechnology 17 62 66, Payne, R.N. 2005 Photosynthetic irradiance and nutrition effects on growth of english ivy in subirrigation systems HortScience 40 1740 1745, Pinto, J.R., Chandler, R.A. & Dumroese, R.K. 2008 Growth, nitrogen use efficiency, and leachate comparison of subirrigated and overhead irrigated pale purple coneflower seedlings HortScience 43 897 901, Poole, R.T. & Conover, C.A. & Nemali, K.S.
Hort. The primary economic benefit of subirrigation is that, by facilitating automation, it reduces the cost of labor, which is the greatest expenditure for many producers (Biernbaum, 1990; USDA, 2009; Uva et al., 1998, 2000, 2001). Bras. Proc.
2003 Application of selected antagonistic strains against Phytophthora cryptogea on gerbera in closed soilless systems with disinfection by slow sand filtration Crop Prot.
& Biebel, J.P. 1936 A subirrigation method of supplying nutrient solutions to plants growing under commercial and experimental conditions J. Agr. powder (Andresen and Cedergreen, 2010). Soilless culture: Theory and practice. 1988 Fertilization and irrigation of bedding plants with subirrigation and recirculated water HortScience 23 782, Zhang, H. & Graves, W.R. 1995 Subirrigation to root stem cuttings: Comparison to intermittent mist and influence of fertilization HortTechnology 5 265 268, Zheng, Y., Cayanan, D.F. 2009-51181-05768), while at UNICAMP by the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil) (awards no. & van Iersel, M.W. 1994 Evaluation of a unique greenhouse subirrigation system with two container systems. Amer. Expt. The excess may be collected for reuse. 2001 Application technique and irrigation method affect imidacloprid control of silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettias J. Econ. Soc. New Jersey Agr. 110 292 297, Oh, M.M., Cho, Y.Y., Kim, K.S. Serv. 2006 An automated system for controlling drought stress and irrigation in potted plants Sci. 2007 An Introduction to Subirrigation in Forest and Conservation Nurseries and Some Preliminary Results of Demonstrations. Viosa, Viosa, Brazil, , cause of crown rot in strawberry, in open and closed soilless growing systems and the potential for control using slow sand filtration, Water and nutrient management in the production of container-grown ornamentals, Survey of physical, chemical, and microbial water quality in greenhouse and nursery irrigation water, Automation system for the subirrigation management in greenhouse, Fertilizer composition, concentration, and irrigation method affect growth and development of, Inhibiting growth of flowering crops with ancymidol and paclobutrazol in subirrigation water, One-time vs. continuous application of paclobutrazol in subirrigation water for the production of bedding plants, Water use and fertilizer response of azalea using several no-leach irrigation methods, Closed cycle subirrigation with low concentration nutrient solution can be used for soilless tomato production in saline conditions, Irrigation systems alter distribution of roots, soluble salts, nitrogen, and pH in the root medium, Greenhouse operation and management. Infectious propagules can easily enter the reservoir with plant debris, and removal of dead material helps minimize disease spread (Atmatjidou et al., 1991; Bauerle, 1990). Leaf area decreased when fertilizer concentration was increased to 200% (Kang and van Iersel, 2004). 61, Evaluation of a unique greenhouse subirrigation system with two container systems. Another study used this automation with nonsaline water and showed that tensiometer-controlled subirrigation resulted in zucchini squash fruit yields equal to drip irrigation when full-strength fertilizer solution was used. & Jacobs, D.F. Lieth (eds.). Sta. Entomol. 2010 Vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation with fertilization of citrus rootstocks grown in container Cincia Rural 40 2603 2607, Thebaldi, M.S. Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, PhD Diss, Performance of wick irrigation system using self-compensating benches with substrates for lettuce production, Water depth, filling time and volume of wick irrigation equipment and determination of water distribution uniformity in substrates, Subirrigation controlled by capacitance sensors for citrus rootstock production, Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia production, Monitoring and controlling ebb-and-flow subirrigation with soil moisture sensors, Plant growth response of subirrigated salvia Vista Red to increasing water heights at two substrates, An automated system for monitoring soil moisture and controlling irrigation using low-cost open-source microcontrollers, Application of selected antagonistic strains against, on gerbera in closed soilless systems with disinfection by slow sand filtration, Water and nutrient uptake and use efficiency with partial saturation ebb and flow watering, Magnesia injury of plants grown in nutrient solutions, HydroponicsCrop production in liquid culture media, Horticultural and engineering considerations for the design of integrated greenhouse plant production systems, Sub-irrigation in the greenhouse. Information about data transfer when using Google Search, Integrated Water Resource Management - from traditional knowledge to modern techniques, Applicability, advantages and disadvantages of subsurface drip irrigation, High degree of control over water application with the potential for high uniformity of application, The amount of water can be fine-tuned. Sta. & Burnett, S.E. The link was not copied. 2010 Soilless closed cycle production of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) using subirrigation: Effects on yield, fruit quality, substrate and nutrient solution parameters Acta Hort. Cienc.
Proc. Subirrigation is currently used largely for ornamental plants, but has recently been used for other crops such as vegetables and fruit/tree seedlings. Plant Nutr. 16 4 7, Incrocci, L., Malorgio, F., Della Bartola, A. 13:415420, Cox, D.A. 1993 to document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) Curators of the University of Missouri, all rights reserved, DMCA and other copyright information. Expt. Agr, The influence of irrigation system and nutrient solution concentration on potted geranium production under various conditions of radiation and temperature, A review of possibilities for disinfection of recirculation water from soilless cultures, Irrigation system by capillary action in the citrus rootstocks production in seedings stage. Expt. 2011 Irrigation of seedlings of native forest species grown in tubes. 2004b Light intensity and fertilizer concentration: II. Center pivot systems are the most common type of sprinkler irrigation in Missouri.
Rpt. 7 253, Eaton, F.M. U.S. Dept. 2008 Subirrigation of Quercus rubra seedlings: Nursery stock quality, media chemistry, and early field performance HortScience 43 2179 2185, Buwalda, F., Frenck, R., Lbker, B., van den Berg-De Vos, B.
18 13 17, Martinetti, L., Ferrante, A. & Dumroese, R.K. 2008 Influence of irrigation method and container type on northern red oak seedling growth and media electrical conductivity Native Plants J. Hort. 118 328 337, Runia, W.T.
31 235 241, Eaton, F.M. This process eliminates most plant pathogens through a combination of mechanical filtration and biological activity, but may be impractical because it requires a large amount of space, may not consistently provide adequate filtration, is relatively slow, and can support microbial populations that include human pathogens (Stewart-Wade, 2011).
1990 Reduce water and fertilizer with ebb and flow Greenhouse Grower 8 70 73, Elliott, G.C. Contamination can be prevented by using separate holding tanks for agrochemicals, but this may be expensive. 2004 Nutrient solution concentration affects shoot:root ratio, leaf area ratio, and growth of subirrigated salvia (Salvia splendens) HortScience 39 49 54, Kang, J.G. Sta. 22 1053 1061, Gent, M.P.N. & Liebig, G.F. Jr 1938 Adaptation and use of automatically operated sand-culture equipment J. Agr. Type 2 or more characters into the input search below for suggested results, use up and down arrow keys to navigate through suggest box. Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, PhD Diss, Growth and physiological responses of rangpur lime seedlings irrigated by a prototype subirrigation tray, Growth of cyclamen in biocontainers on an ebb-and-flood subirrigation system, Physical properties of biocontainers used to grow long-term greenhouse crops in an ebb-and-flood irrigation system, A New Slant on Subirrigation. Optimal fertilizer solution concentration for species differing in light requirement and growth rate, An automated system for controlling drought stress and irrigation in potted plants, Comparisons of water content of growing media and growth of potted kalanchoe among nutrient-flow wick culture and other irrigation systems, Influence of rate and placement of slow-release fertilizer on pot plants of african violet grown with capillary mat watering, Photosynthetic irradiance and nutrition effects on growth of english ivy in subirrigation systems, Growth, nitrogen use efficiency, and leachate comparison of subirrigated and overhead irrigated pale purple coneflower seedlings, Fertilizer levels and medium affect foliage plant growth in an ebb and flow irrigation system, Assessment of subirrigation performance in eucalyptus seedling production, Environmentally sound plant production by means of soilless cultivation, Growth, yield, fruit quality and nutrient uptake of hydroponically cultivated zucchini squash as affected by irrigation systems and growing seasons, The influence of drip irrigation or subirrigation on zucchini squash grown in closed-loop substrate culture with high and low nutrient solution concentrations, Comparison of the subirrigation and drip-irrigation systems for greenhouse zucchini squash production using saline and non-saline nutrient solutions. Holes are punched in the pipe to obtain the desired flow rate. & Allen, E. 1997 Irrigation systems alter distribution of roots, soluble salts, nitrogen, and pH in the root medium HortTechnology 7 156 160, Nelson, P.V. Triggering irrigation based on specific substrate moisture levels cannot only reduce water use, it can also be used to control plant vigor, potentially reducing the need for plant growth retardant applications (Ferrarezi et al., 2015a, 2015b). This agriculture article is a stub. & Armindo, R.A. 2013 Automation system for the subirrigation management in greenhouse Irriga Brazilian J. Irr. & Milligan, R.A. 2001 Economic analysis of adopting zero runoff subirrigation in greenhouse operations in the northeast and north central United States HortScience 36 167 173, Uva, W.F.L., Weiler, T.C., Milligan, R.A., Albright, L.D. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. 2019-2020 American Society for Horticultural Science, Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. & Hall, D.B. Tubing can be placed on the ground or buried beneath the soil surface. Soc. Adriansen, E. & Odgaard, P. 1997 Residues of paclobutrazol and uniconazole in nutrient solutions from ebb and flood irrigation of pot plants Sci.
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